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| 2. |
- Pedersen, Karsten, 1952
(författare)
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Microbial life in deep granitic rock
- 1997
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Ingår i: FEMS Microbiology Reviews. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0168-6445 .- 1574-6976. ; 20:3-4, s. 399-414
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)
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| 3. |
- Omsland, Anders, et al.
(författare)
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Chlamydial metabolism revisited : interspecies metabolic variability and developmental stage-specific physiologic activities
- 2014
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Ingår i: FEMS Microbiology Reviews. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0168-6445 .- 1574-6976. ; 38:4, s. 779-801
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Chlamydiae are a group of obligate intracellular bacteria comprising important human and animal pathogens as well as symbionts of ubiquitous protists. They are characterized by a developmental cycle including two main morphologically and physiologically distinct stages, the replicating reticulate body and the infectious nondividing elementary body. In this review, we reconstruct the history of studies that have led to our current perception of chlamydial physiology, focusing on their energy and central carbon metabolism. We then compare the metabolic capabilities of pathogenic and environmental chlamydiae highlighting interspecies variability among the metabolically more flexible environmental strains. We discuss recent findings suggesting that chlamydiae may not live as energy parasites throughout the developmental cycle and that elementary bodies are not metabolically inert but exhibit metabolic activity under appropriate axenic conditions. The observed host-free metabolic activity of elementary bodies may reflect adequate recapitulation of the intracellular environment, but there is evidence that this activity is biologically relevant and required for extracellular survival and maintenance of infectivity. The recent discoveries call for a reconsideration of chlamydial metabolism and future in-depth analyses to better understand how species- and stage-specific differences in chlamydial physiology may affect virulence, tissue tropism, and host adaptation.
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| 4. |
- Liu, Xiaoyue, et al.
(författare)
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Evaluation of process variables in bench-scale biooxidation of the Olympias concentrate
- 1993
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Ingår i: FEMS Microbiology Reviews. - 0168-6445 .- 1574-6976. ; 11:1-3, s. 207-214
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A statistically designed set of eight bio-oxidation tests on the Olympias concentrate was conducted in bench-scale equipment to evaluate the effects of important variables on pyrite/arsenopyrite oxidation and gold extraction. The variables studied were total retention time, feed solid concentration and particle size. High degrees of arsenopyrite oxidation were observed in all tests, as the arsenopyrite oxidation was very fast and therefore not dependent on the variables within the studied range. Statistical analysis of the experimental data reveals that the pyrite oxidation and gold extraction are dependent mainly on the retention time and to a lesser extent on the particle size. The feed solid concentration had a small influence only on the gold extraction. Regressed equations of the experimental data can be used to predict proper operating conditions
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| 5. |
- Andersson, Dan I., et al.
(författare)
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Persistence of antibiotic resistance in bacterial populations
- 2011
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Ingår i: FEMS Microbiology Reviews. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0168-6445 .- 1574-6976. ; 35:5, s. 901-911
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Unfortunately for mankind, it is very likely that the antibiotic resistance problem we have generated during the last 60 years due to the extensive use and misuse of antibiotics is here to stay for the foreseeable future. This view is based on theoretical arguments, mathematical modeling, experiments and clinical interventions, suggesting that even if we could reduce antibiotic use, resistant clones would remain persistent and only slowly (if at all) be outcompeted by their susceptible relatives. In this review, we discuss the multitude of mechanisms and processes that are involved in causing the persistence of chromosomal and plasmid-borne resistance determinants and how we might use them to our advantage to increase the likelihood of reversing the problem. Of particular interest is the recent demonstration that a very low antibiotic concentration can be enriching for resistant bacteria and the implication that antibiotic release into the environment could contribute to the selection for resistance.
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| 6. |
- Bergman, Birgitta, et al.
(författare)
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Trichodesmium : a widespread marine cyanobacterium with unusual nitrogen fixation properties
- 2013
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Ingår i: FEMS Microbiology Reviews. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0168-6445 .- 1574-6976. ; 37:3, s. 286-302
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- The last several decades have witnessed dramatic advances in unfolding the diversity and commonality of oceanic diazotrophs and their N(2) -fixing potential. More recently substantial progress in diazotrophic cell biology has provided a wealth of information on processes and mechanisms involved. The substantial contribution by the diazotrophic cyanobacterial genus Trichodesmium to the nitrogen influx of the global marine ecosystem is by now undisputable and of paramount ecological importance, while the underlying cellular and molecular regulatory physiology has only recently started to unfold. Here we explore and summarize current knowledge, related to optimization of its diazotrophic capacity, from genomics to ecophysiological processes, via eg. cellular differentiation (diazocytes) and temporal regulations, and suggest cellular research avenues that now ought to be explored. © 2012 Federation of European Microbiological Societies. Published by Blackwell Publishing Ltd. All rights reserved.
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| 7. |
- Shingler, Victoria
(författare)
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Signal sensory systems that impact σ(54)-dependent transcription
- 2011
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Ingår i: FEMS Microbiology Reviews. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0168-6445 .- 1574-6976. ; 35:3, s. 425-440
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Alternative σ-factors of bacteria bind core RNA polymerase to program the specific promoter selectivity of the holoenzyme. Signal-responsive changes in the availability of different σ-factors redistribute the RNA polymerase among the distinct promoter classes in the genome for appropriate adaptive, developmental and survival responses. The σ(54) -factor is structurally and functionally distinct from all other σ-factors. Consequently, binding of σ(54) to RNA polymerase confers unique features on the cognate holoenzyme, which requires activation by an unusual class of mechano-transcriptional activators, whose activities are highly regulated in response to environmental cues. This review summarizes the current understanding of the mechanisms of transcriptional activation by σ(54) -RNA polymerase and highlights the impact of global regulatory factors on transcriptional efficiency from σ(54) -dependent promoters. These global factors include the DNA-bending proteins IHF and CRP, the nucleotide alarmone ppGpp, and the RNA polymerase-targeting protein DksA.
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| 8. |
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| 9. |
- Tamagnini, Paula, et al.
(författare)
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Cyanobacterial hydrogenases : diversity, regulation and applications
- 2007
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Ingår i: FEMS Microbiology Reviews. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0168-6445 .- 1574-6976. ; 31:6, s. 692-720
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Cyanobacteria may possess two distinct nickel-iron (NiFe)-hydrogenases: an uptake enzyme found in N2-fixing strains, and a bidirectional one present in both non-N2-fixing and N2-fixing strains. The uptake hydrogenase (encoded by hupSL) catalyzes the consumption of the H2 produced during N2 fixation, while the bidirectional enzyme (hoxEFUYH) probably plays a role in fermn. and/or acts as an electron valve during photosynthesis. HupSL constitute a transcriptional unit, and are essentially transcribed under N2-fixing conditions. The bidirectional hydrogenase consists of a hydrogenase and a diaphorase part, and the corresponding five hox genes are not always clustered or cotranscribed. The biosynthesis/maturation of NiFe-hydrogenases is highly complex, requiring several core proteins. In cyanobacteria, the genes that are thought to affect hydrogenases pleiotropically (hyp), as well as the genes presumably encoding the hydrogenase-specific endopeptidases (hupW and hoxW) have been identified and characterized. Furthermore, NtcA and LexA have been implicated in the transcriptional regulation of the uptake and the bidirectional enzyme resp. Recently, the phylogenetic origin of cyanobacterial and algal hydrogenases was analyzed, and it was proposed that the current distribution in cyanobacteria reflects a differential loss of genes according to their ecol. needs or constraints. In addn., the possibilities and challenges of cyanobacterial-based H2 prodn. are addressed.
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| 10. |
- Urbanczyk, Henryk, et al.
(författare)
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Phylogeny, genomics, and symbiosis of Photobacterium
- 2011
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Ingår i: FEMS Microbiology Reviews. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0168-6445 .- 1574-6976. ; 35:2, s. 324-342
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Photobacterium comprises several species in Vibrionaceae, a large family of Gram-negative, facultatively aerobic, bacteria that commonly associate with marine animals. Members of the genus are widely distributed in the marine environment and occur in seawater, surfaces, and intestines of marine animals, marine sediments and saline lake water, and light organs of fish. Seven Photobacterium species are luminous via the activity of the lux genes, luxCDABEG. Much recent progress has been made on the phylogeny, genomics, and symbiosis of Photobacterium. Phylogenetic analysis demonstrates a robust separation between Photobacterium and its close relatives, Aliivibrio and Vibrio, and reveals the presence of two well-supported clades. Clade 1 contains luminous and symbiotic species and one species with no luminous members, and Clade 2 contains mostly nonluminous species. The genomes of Photobacterium are similar in size, structure, and organization to other members of Vibrionaceae, with two chromosomes of unequal size and multiple rrn operons. Many species of marine fish form bioluminescent symbioses with three Photobacterium species: Photobacterium kishitanii, Photobacterium leiognathi, and Photobacterium mandapamensis. These associations are highly, but not strictly species specific, and they do not exhibit symbiont-host codivergence. Environmental congruence instead of host selection might explain the patterns of symbiont-host affiliation observed from nature.
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