| 1. |
- Artois, M., et al.
(författare)
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Outbreaks of highly pathogenic avian influenza in Europe : the risks associated with wild birds
- 2009
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Ingår i: Revue scientifique et technique (International Office of Epizootics). - : O.I.E (World Organisation for Animal Health). - 0253-1933 .- 1608-0637. ; 28:1, s. 69-92
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- The infection of wild birds by highly pathogenic strains of avian influenza (Al) virus was virtually unknown--apart from one instance of the disease appearing in common terns in South Africa in 1961--before the Asian strain of highly pathogenic AI virus (AIV), H5N1, began to expand across the world. Outbreaks of clinical disease in Eurasia have resulted in visible mortality among populations of free-ranging wild birds in a multitude of species. The circulation pattern of influenza viruses in natural ecosystems results from a selection pressure towards strains which are indirectly transmitted by droppings from water birds and contaminated fomites, and which exhibit low pathogenicity. Some of these viruses, of the subtypes H5 or H7, can mutate into highly pathogenic strains after being introduced into domestic poultry farms. The maintenance of highly pathogenic AIV (HPAIV) H5N1 in several parts of the world exposes wild birds to infected poultry, resulting in long-distance virus transmission. There is great concern that these wild birds may, in turn, propagate these HPAIV or introduce them into domestic birds. Rigorous disease control and biosecurity measures to protect poultry farms are the only solution presently available to mitigate such a risk.
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| 2. |
- Belak, Sandor, et al.
(författare)
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High-throughput sequencing in veterinary infection biology and diagnostics
- 2013
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Ingår i: Revue Scientifique et Technique- Office International des Epizooties. - 0253-1933 .- 1608-0637. ; 32, s. 893-915
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Sequencing methods have improved rapidly since the first versions of the Sanger techniques, facilitating the development of very powerful tools for detecting and identifying various pathogens, such as viruses, bacteria and other microbes. The ongoing development of high-throughput sequencing (HTS; also known as next-generation sequencing) technologies has resulted in a dramatic reduction in DNA sequencing costs, making the technology more accessible to the average laboratory. In this White Paper of the World Organisation for Animal Health (0IE) Collaborating Centre for the Biotechnology-based Diagnosis of Infectious Diseases in Veterinary Medicine (Uppsala, Sweden), several approaches and examples of HTS are summarised, and their diagnostic applicability is briefly discussed. Selected future aspects of HTS are outlined, including the need for bioinformatic resources, with a focus on improving the diagnosis and control of infectious diseases in veterinary medicine.
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| 3. |
- Belak, Sandor
(författare)
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New developments in the diagnosis of avian influenza
- 2009
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Ingår i: Revue Scientifique et Technique- Office International des Epizooties. - : O.I.E (World Organisation for Animal Health). - 0253-1933 .- 1608-0637. ; 28, s. 233-243
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Avian influenza has become a serious concern from both veterinary and public health points of view. National and international organisations, veterinary health authorities, research institutions, diagnostic laboratories and field services make enormous efforts worldwide to detect, combat and prevent this important disease. Accordingly, the standard diagnostic protocols are being supported by a wide variety of molecular detection techniques, including improved polymerase chain reaction assays, microarray-based detection and characterisation methods, very rapid sequencing, simple pen-side tests and other on-site approaches. These recently developed 'closer to the field' methods allow rapid detection of influenza viruses and the identification of pathogenicity variants. However, in order to harmonise the diagnosis worldwide, attention has to be paid to the validation and standardisation of these technologies, to avoid erroneous interpretation of assay results, and, consequently, inappropriate epidemiological measures.This review gives an overview of the current and potential future developments related to avian influenza diagnostics.
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| 4. |
- Belak, Sandor
(författare)
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Potential applications of pathogen genomics Introduction
- 2016
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Ingår i: Revue Scientifique et Technique- Office International des Epizooties. - : O.I.E (World Organisation for Animal Health). - 0253-1933 .- 1608-0637. ; 35, s. 13-15
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Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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| 5. |
- Belak, Sandor
(författare)
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Technological advances in veterinary diagnostics: opportunities to deploy rapid decentralised tests to detect pathogens affecting livestock
- 2017
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Ingår i: Revue Scientifique et Technique- Office International des Epizooties. - : O.I.E (World Organisation for Animal Health). - 0253-1933 .- 1608-0637. ; 36, s. 479-498
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Sustainable food production capable of feeding a growing human population is a significant global challenge, and is a priority encompassed within the United Nations Millennium Development Goal to 'eradicate extreme poverty and hunger'. Infectious diseases reduce the productivity of farm animals, and the globalised trade of animals and their products increases the threat of disease incursion. Accurate and rapid diagnostic tests are an essential component of contingency plans to detect, control and eradicate such diseases. Diagnosis involves a 'pipeline' that normally starts with clinical suspicion, followed by collecting samples, transporting specimens to a centralised laboratory setting (e.g. national/international Reference Laboratories), analysing these samples using a range of diagnostic tests and reporting the results. However, the transport of specimens from the field to the laboratory can be a lengthy process that can delay critical decision-making and severely affect the quality of the samples. This important limitation of centralised diagnostic testing has motivated the development of tools for the rapid, simple detection of livestock pathogens. Recent advances in the development of technologies for personalised human medicine have motivated the development of prototype diagnostic tests for a wide selection of diseases of livestock. However, many of these tests are not yet routinely used or commercially available. This paper critically reviews the most promising examples of such assays, and highlights the challenges that remain to transition these tests from applied research and development into routine use.
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| 6. |
- Granberg, Fredrik
(författare)
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Next-generation sequencing workflows in veterinary infection biology: towards validation and quality assurance
- 2016
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Ingår i: Revue Scientifique et Technique- Office International des Epizooties. - : O.I.E (World Organisation for Animal Health). - 0253-1933 .- 1608-0637. ; 35, s. 67-81
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Recent advancements in DNA sequencing methodologies and sequence data analysis have revolutionised research in many areas of biology and medicine, including veterinary infection biology. New technology is poised to bridge the gap between the research and diagnostic laboratory. This paper defines the potential diagnostic value and purposes of next-generation sequencing (NGS) applications in veterinary infection biology and explores their compatibility with the existing validation principles and methods of the World Organisation for Animal Health. Critical parameters for validation and quality control (quality metrics) are suggested, with reference to established validation and quality assurance guidelines for NGS-based methods of diagnosing human heritable diseases. Although most currently described NGS applications in veterinary infection biology are not primary diagnostic tests that directly result in control measures, this critical reflection on the advantages and remaining challenges of NGS technology should stimulate discussion on its diagnostic value and on the potential to validate NGS methods and monitor their diagnostic performance.
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| 7. |
- Granberg, Fredrik, et al.
(författare)
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Novel technologies applied to the nucleotide sequencing and comparative sequence analysis of the genomes of infectious agents in veterinary medicine
- 2016
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Ingår i: Revue Scientifique et Technique- Office International des Epizooties. - : O.I.E (World Organisation for Animal Health). - 0253-1933 .- 1608-0637. ; 35, s. 25-42
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Next-generation sequencing (NGS), also referred to as deep, high-throughput or massively parallel sequencing, is a powerful new tool that can be used for the complex diagnosis and intensive monitoring of infectious disease in veterinary medicine. NGS technologies are also being increasingly used to study the aetiology, genomics, evolution and epidemiology of infectious disease, as well as host-pathogen interactions and other aspects of infection biology.This review briefly summarises recent progress and achievements in this field by first introducing a range of novel techniques and then presenting examples of NGS applications in veterinary infection biology. Various work steps and processes for sampling and sample preparation, sequence analysis and comparative genomics, and improving the accuracy of genomic prediction are discussed, as are bioinformatics requirements. Examples of sequencing-based applications and comparative genomics in veterinary medicine are then provided. This review is based on novel references selected from the literature and on experiences of the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) Collaborating Centre for the Biotechnology-based Diagnosis of Infectious Diseases in Veterinary Medicine, Uppsala, Sweden.
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| 8. |
- Keeling, Linda
(författare)
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Science-based management of livestock welfare in intensive systems: looking to the future
- 2014
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Ingår i: Revue Scientifique et Technique- Office International des Epizooties. - : O.I.E (World Organisation for Animal Health). - 0253-1933 .- 1608-0637. ; 33, s. 153-160
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- As welfare is a multidimensional concept, its assessment should be a multidisciplinary process, providing a comprehensive assessment of animal welfare in any given system. The different measurable aspects of welfare may be turned into welfare indicators and assessed in a scientific manner. Assessment of welfare may combine different approaches that include the assessment of the production system and measurement of animal-based welfare indicators. With both approaches, however, risk managers face difficulties related to the availability of resources for implementing regulations and training staff. Most animal-based welfare indicators have the advantage that they can be measured whatever the production system; they relate to the animal's experience of its own state. It is essential to confirm the reliability of the measures and their robustness to ensure valid welfare assessment, especially for a science-based management approach. Many welfare indicators, even those measured at the individual level, are expressed at group level, as a proportion of the animals. This allows benchmarking and following of trends over time. The decision on what is or is not acceptable from a welfare point of view is an ethical or managerial one. The advantage of a graded welfare indicator is that it allows different thresholds to be set by different people, countries or organisations, depending on the purpose of the assessment. The development of a set of harmonised international welfare indicators for global trade is also discussed.
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| 9. |
- Kindahl, Hans
(författare)
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Epidemiological study of bovine brucellosis in three agro-ecological areas of central Oromiya, Ethiopia
- 2009
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Ingår i: Revue Scientifique et Technique- Office International des Epizooties. - 0253-1933 .- 1608-0637. ; 28, s. 933-943
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Logistic regression analysis revealed that the breed of cattle and the method of disposing of aborted foetuses and foetal membranes had a statistically significant effect on individual animal seroprevalence (p < 0.05). In lowland areas, the breed (p < 0.05), animal management system (p < 0.05), mating method <0.05), herd size (p < 0.05) and source of replacement stock (p < 0.05) all had significant effects on individual animal seroprevalence.
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| 10. |
- Magnusson, Ulf, et al.
(författare)
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Antimicrobial resistance at the livestock-human interface: implications for Veterinary Services
- 2021
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Ingår i: Revue Scientifique et Technique- Office International des Epizooties. - : O.I.E (World Organisation for Animal Health). - 0253-1933 .- 1608-0637. ; 40, s. 511-521
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The emergence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a major global public health issue, but it also jeopardises the effectiveness of antimicrobials as a means of curing infections in animals that threaten their health, welfare and productivity. Several reports show that infections in humans caused by antimicrobial-resistant pathogens may be linked to antimicrobial use (AMU) and AMR in food-producing animals; however, to what extent this happens is unknown. Use of antimicrobials drives the emergence of AMR, therefore, their extensive over-use and misuse in livestock is of concern.Robust AMU and AMR data are important to monitor the progress of interventions aiming to reduce AMR in the livestock sector. However, not all countries have complete data on antibiotic sales or use, so our current knowledge of global AMU is primarily based on modelling estimates. Antimicrobial resistance prevalence data are limited, particularly in low- and middle-income countries, but in some high-income regions fairly robust data are available. It should also be noted that monitoring guidelines and protocols are available to provide globally harmonised AMR data.Using antimicrobials rationally and not using them for disease prevention purposes is key to reducing AMU. To ensure that these drugs are used appropriately we must ensure that: a) veterinary services are accessible and affordable for farmers; b) antibiotics are only sold on prescription; c) veterinarians earn no revenue linked to the sale or prescription of antibiotics; d) veterinarians have substantial skills in preventive medicine (good animal husbandry, efficient biosecurity and vaccinology); and e) the benefits of preventive measures must appeal to farmers so that they are willing to pay for them.
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