| 1. |
- Augustsson, Katarina, et al.
(författare)
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A population-based dietary inventory of cooked meat and assessment of the daily intake of food mutagens
- 1999
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Ingår i: Food Additives and Contaminants. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0265-203X .- 1464-5122. ; 16:5, s. 215-225
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Frequent consumption of meat has been associated with an increased risk of colorectal cancer. Such a risk may be due to naturally occurring compounds in the meat, substances added to the meat, or agents formed during cooking. Concerning the latter alternative, mutagenic heterocyclic amines are multi-site animal carcinogens, but their relevance to human cancer has yet to be determined. In the present study, we made a population-based inventory of cooked meat dishes consumed in the county of Stockholm, ranked dishes according to cooking method and frequency of consumption and, in addition, determined levels of mutagenic activity in six commonly consumed fried meat dishes. Meat was consumed, on average, 493 times per year, giving 1.4 daily servings. Frying was the most common way to cook meat. When ranking meat dishes according to intake frequency, the top eight dishes were as follows. sausage, steak casserole, meatballs, pork chops, pork belly, bacon, ground beef patties, and, finally, mincemeat sauce. The frying sessions were pel;formed under controlled conditions at four different temperatures, and we documented the degree of surface browning and measured mutagenic activity in six frequently eaten dishes (sausage, meatballs, pork chops, pork belly, ground beef patties, and minute beef). We found extracts from all six dishes to be mutagenic, and a mean daily dose of exposure was calculated, giving 862 revertants. This investigation leaves no doubt that a major portion of the total meat consumption is fried before ingestion and that fried meat dishes frequently consumed by an elderly population in Stockholm contain mutagenic substances. Furthermore, the study provides usable information for future epidemiological research in which it is necessary to disentangle the effect of meat per se from the effect of potentially carcinogenic heterocyclic amines.
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| 2. |
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| 3. |
- Falandysz, J, et al.
(författare)
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Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and their congener-specific accumulation in edible fish from the Gulf of Gdask, Baltic Sea
- 2002
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Ingår i: Food Additives & Contaminants. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0265-203X. ; 19:8, s. 779-95
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Concentrations and composition profiles of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were investigated in composite samples of 10 species of edible fish from the Gulf of Gda sk, in the southern part of the Baltic Sea, Poland, to understand the status of contamination and possible human exposure risk. Apart from the total PCBs, planar non-ortho (IUPAC nos 77, 126, 169) and mono-ortho (nos 105, 114, 118, 123, 156, 157, 167, 189) chlorobiphenyls were also quantified and their dioxin-like toxicity assessed. The absolute total PCB concentrations in fish ranged from 43 to 490 ng g-1 wet wt (910-11000 ng g-1 lipids), while of TCDD TEQs of planar members were from 0.15 to 3.1 pg g-1 wet wt (8.1-81 pg g-1 lipids). The penta- and hexa-CBs usually comprised 70-80% of the total PCBs and were followed by hepta-, tetra- and tri-CBs, and for a specific site tri- and tetra-CBs comprised as much as 22%. Among the individual CB congeners, nos 118, 153 (+132) and 138 (+160 +163 +164) were the most abundant, while no. 110 comprised between 6.8 and 9.3% of the total PCBs in some species. Principal component analysis (PCA) was applied to examine the interdependences among CB congeners in the factor space. The PCA model and cluster analyses were further used to examine site- and species-specific differences and similarities of PCB composition, and the results are discussed. An assessed daily intake rate of TCDD TEQ of planar PCBs with the fishmeal of the Gulf of Gda sk in the 1990s was between 78 and 96 pg per capita or between 1.3 and 1.6 pg kg-1 body weight.
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| 4. |
- Flodberg, G., et al.
(författare)
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Migration of monomers from liquid crystalline poly(p-hydroxybenzoic acid-co-2-hydroxy-6-naphthoic acid)
- 2002
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Ingår i: Food Additives and Contaminants. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0265-203X .- 1464-5122. ; 19:5, s. 492-501
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Liquid-crystalline co-polyesters (e.g. a random co-polyester based on p-hydroxybenzoic acid (HBA) and 2-hydroxy-6-naphthoic acid (HNA) known as Vectra A950) offer good barrier properties, but for food-contact use require overall and specific migration testing. For Vectra A950 films, the highest overall migration level obtained was 2.3 mg kg(-1) in olive oil (10 days at 40degrees C) well below the EC limit of 60 mg kg(-1). The highest specific migration for p-hydroxybenzoic acid was 15.2 mug dm(-2) in olive oil (2 h at 175degreesC). For 2-hydroxy-6-naphthoic acid, the highest value obtained was 4.3 mug dm(-2) in 10% ethanol (4 h at 100degrees C), although it was not on the EC positive and cannot yet be used for food-contact materials. At conditions considered as severe, the estimated daily intake for p-hydroxybenzoic acid was calculated as 11.9 mug/person day(-1) and for 2-hydroxy-6-naphthoic acid it was 5.3 mug/person day(-1). The results exceed the threshold of regulation of 1.5 mug/person day(-1).
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| 5. |
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| 6. |
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| 7. |
- Hajslová, J., et al.
(författare)
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Quality of organically and conventionally grown potatoes: Four-year study of micronutrients, metals, secondary metabolites, enzymic browning and organoleptic properties
- 2005
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Ingår i: Food Additives & Contaminants. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0265-203X. ; 22:6, s. 514-534
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The quality of potatoes from organic and conventional farming was investigated in this study. Tubers of eight potato varieties, organically and conventionally produced at one or two geographical sites in controlled field trials, were collected in four consecutive harvests from 1996–1999. The parameters analysed included nitrate, trace elements (As, Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mn, Ni, Pb, Se, Zn), vitamin C, potato glycoalkaloids, as well as chlorogenic acid, polyphenol oxidase and rate of tuber enzymic browning. The results indicated lower nitrate content and higher vitamin C and chlorogenic acid content to be the parameters most consistently differentiating organically from conventionally produced potatoes. Elevated concentrations of glycoalkaloids were also observed throughout the experiments in some potato varieties grown in organic farming systems. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the analytical and other data using three PCs confirmed a good separation between the organically and conventionally produced potatoes when studied in single crop years. However, score-plots (objects) and loading-plots (variables) of pooled results from the consecutive harvests showed that between the years’ changes and also variety as well as geographical variations are equally or more important factors determining the quality of potatoes than the farming system. Further studies of various marker compounds of potato quality related to the organic or conventional farming systems should be performed before unbiased information can be given to the consumers.
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| 8. |
- Honkalampi-Hämäläinen, U., et al.
(författare)
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Safety evaluation of food contact paper and board using chemical tests and in vitro bioassays : Role of known and unknown substances
- 2010
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Ingår i: Food Additives and Contaminants. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0265-203X .- 1464-5122. ; 27:3, s. 406-115
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In vitro toxicological tests have been proposed as an approach to complement the chemical safety assessment of food contact materials, particularly those with a complex or unknown chemical composition such as paper and board. Among the concerns raised regarding the applicability of in vitro tests are the effects of interference of the extractables on the outcome of the cytotoxicity and genotoxicity tests applied and the role of known compounds present in chemically complex materials, such as paper and board, either as constituents or contaminants. To answer these questions, a series of experiments were performed to assess the role of natural substances (wood extracts, resin acids), some additives (diisopropylnaphthalene, phthalates, acrylamide, fluorescent whitening agents) and contaminants (2,4-diaminotoluene, benzo[a]pyrene) in the toxicological profile of paper and board. These substances were individually tested or used to spike actual paper and board extracts. The toxic concentrations of diisopropylnaphthalenes and phthalates were compared with those actually detected in paper and board extracts showing conspicuous toxicity. According to the results of the spiking experiments, the extracts did not affect the toxicity of tested chemicals nor was there any significant metabolic interference in the cases where two compounds were used in tests involving xenobiotic metabolism by the target cells. While the identified substances apparently have a role in the cytotoxicity of some of the project samples, their presence does not explain the total toxicological profile of the extracts. In conclusion, in vitro toxicological testing can have a role in the safety assessment of chemically complex materials in detecting potentially harmful activities not predictable by chemical analysis alone.
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| 9. |
- Marklinder, Ingela, et al.
(författare)
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Consumers´ability to discriminate aflatoxin-contaminated Brazil nuts
- 2005
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Ingår i: Food Additives and Contaminants. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0265-203X. ; 22:1, s. 56-64
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The objectives of the study were to investigate the extent to which consumers can separate nuts with a high content of aflatoxin from sound nuts, and whether sorting results can be improved by information or whether they are affected by certain factors. A test panel consisting of 100 subjects were asked to crack 300 g Brazil nuts and to sort the nuts into those they considered edible and inedible. the test showed that consumers can, on current bahaviour, discriminate aflatoxin-contaminated Brazil nuts to a signifikant extent. None of the tested factors (such as sex, age, level level of education, ethnic background or knowledge of mycotoxins) had any effects on the probability of exceeding either of the two aflatoxin thresholds.
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| 10. |
- Mathiasson, Lennart, et al.
(författare)
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Development of methods for the determination of vitamins A, E and beta-carotene in processed foods based on supercritical fluid extraction: a collaborative study.
- 2002
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Ingår i: Food Additives and Contaminants. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0265-203X. ; 19:7, s. 632-646
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- New methodologies based on supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) have been developed for the determination of fat-soluble vitamins in processed foods. The results obtained so far indicate that SFE is well suited to extraction of fat-soluble vitamins from food products, although validation work is required to establish accuracy and precision. The vitamins investigated were A, E and beta-carotene, and the processed foods were UHT milk, milk powder, minced meat, liver paste, infant formula, canned baby food and margarine. Extraction equipment employed analyte collection on either a solid-phase trap or in a solvent. After extraction, the samples were saponified and the vitamins determined using reversed-phase liquid chromatography with ultraviolet or fluorescence detection. Sample throughput was at least 12 samples day(-1), i.e. at least twice the number achievable with a conventional extraction methodology. The detection limits for the vitamins in different processed foods were well below 0.1 microg g(-1). Recoveries (in comparison with vitamin levels obtained using conventional solvent extraction) were close to 100% for experienced personal with access to modern automatic equipment. To reach this level, it was necessary to protect the vitamins with an antioxidant during the different steps of the analysis procedure, to add methanol or ethanol to the extraction cell to facilitate the analyte extraction from the food matrix, and when using a solid-phase trap, to employ a fractionated extraction-elution procedure to prevent breakthrough losses. The developed methods were tested in a validation exercise between five laboratories, which had taken part in the method development, and in an intercomparison between 10 laboratories including laboratories with less experience of vitamin determination. The within-laboratory RSD was generally
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