| 1. |
- Augustsson, Katarina, et al.
(författare)
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A population-based dietary inventory of cooked meat and assessment of the daily intake of food mutagens
- 1999
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Ingår i: Food Additives and Contaminants. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0265-203X .- 1464-5122. ; 16:5, s. 215-225
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Frequent consumption of meat has been associated with an increased risk of colorectal cancer. Such a risk may be due to naturally occurring compounds in the meat, substances added to the meat, or agents formed during cooking. Concerning the latter alternative, mutagenic heterocyclic amines are multi-site animal carcinogens, but their relevance to human cancer has yet to be determined. In the present study, we made a population-based inventory of cooked meat dishes consumed in the county of Stockholm, ranked dishes according to cooking method and frequency of consumption and, in addition, determined levels of mutagenic activity in six commonly consumed fried meat dishes. Meat was consumed, on average, 493 times per year, giving 1.4 daily servings. Frying was the most common way to cook meat. When ranking meat dishes according to intake frequency, the top eight dishes were as follows. sausage, steak casserole, meatballs, pork chops, pork belly, bacon, ground beef patties, and, finally, mincemeat sauce. The frying sessions were pel;formed under controlled conditions at four different temperatures, and we documented the degree of surface browning and measured mutagenic activity in six frequently eaten dishes (sausage, meatballs, pork chops, pork belly, ground beef patties, and minute beef). We found extracts from all six dishes to be mutagenic, and a mean daily dose of exposure was calculated, giving 862 revertants. This investigation leaves no doubt that a major portion of the total meat consumption is fried before ingestion and that fried meat dishes frequently consumed by an elderly population in Stockholm contain mutagenic substances. Furthermore, the study provides usable information for future epidemiological research in which it is necessary to disentangle the effect of meat per se from the effect of potentially carcinogenic heterocyclic amines.
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| 2. |
- Flodberg, G., et al.
(författare)
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Migration of monomers from liquid crystalline poly(p-hydroxybenzoic acid-co-2-hydroxy-6-naphthoic acid)
- 2002
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Ingår i: Food Additives and Contaminants. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0265-203X .- 1464-5122. ; 19:5, s. 492-501
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Liquid-crystalline co-polyesters (e.g. a random co-polyester based on p-hydroxybenzoic acid (HBA) and 2-hydroxy-6-naphthoic acid (HNA) known as Vectra A950) offer good barrier properties, but for food-contact use require overall and specific migration testing. For Vectra A950 films, the highest overall migration level obtained was 2.3 mg kg(-1) in olive oil (10 days at 40degrees C) well below the EC limit of 60 mg kg(-1). The highest specific migration for p-hydroxybenzoic acid was 15.2 mug dm(-2) in olive oil (2 h at 175degreesC). For 2-hydroxy-6-naphthoic acid, the highest value obtained was 4.3 mug dm(-2) in 10% ethanol (4 h at 100degrees C), although it was not on the EC positive and cannot yet be used for food-contact materials. At conditions considered as severe, the estimated daily intake for p-hydroxybenzoic acid was calculated as 11.9 mug/person day(-1) and for 2-hydroxy-6-naphthoic acid it was 5.3 mug/person day(-1). The results exceed the threshold of regulation of 1.5 mug/person day(-1).
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| 3. |
- Honkalampi-Hämäläinen, U., et al.
(författare)
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Safety evaluation of food contact paper and board using chemical tests and in vitro bioassays : Role of known and unknown substances
- 2010
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Ingår i: Food Additives and Contaminants. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0265-203X .- 1464-5122. ; 27:3, s. 406-115
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In vitro toxicological tests have been proposed as an approach to complement the chemical safety assessment of food contact materials, particularly those with a complex or unknown chemical composition such as paper and board. Among the concerns raised regarding the applicability of in vitro tests are the effects of interference of the extractables on the outcome of the cytotoxicity and genotoxicity tests applied and the role of known compounds present in chemically complex materials, such as paper and board, either as constituents or contaminants. To answer these questions, a series of experiments were performed to assess the role of natural substances (wood extracts, resin acids), some additives (diisopropylnaphthalene, phthalates, acrylamide, fluorescent whitening agents) and contaminants (2,4-diaminotoluene, benzo[a]pyrene) in the toxicological profile of paper and board. These substances were individually tested or used to spike actual paper and board extracts. The toxic concentrations of diisopropylnaphthalenes and phthalates were compared with those actually detected in paper and board extracts showing conspicuous toxicity. According to the results of the spiking experiments, the extracts did not affect the toxicity of tested chemicals nor was there any significant metabolic interference in the cases where two compounds were used in tests involving xenobiotic metabolism by the target cells. While the identified substances apparently have a role in the cytotoxicity of some of the project samples, their presence does not explain the total toxicological profile of the extracts. In conclusion, in vitro toxicological testing can have a role in the safety assessment of chemically complex materials in detecting potentially harmful activities not predictable by chemical analysis alone.
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| 4. |
- Wessling, C., et al.
(författare)
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Influence of trace metals, acids and ethanol in food-simulating liquids on the retention of ?-tocopherol in low-density polyethylene film
- 2000
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Ingår i: Food Additives and Contaminants. - 0265-203X .- 1464-5122. ; 17:8, s. 713-719
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The retention of ?-tocopherol (vitamin E) in low-density polyethylene (LDPE) film was investigated when in contact with different food-simulating liquids. Variations of the aqueous food simulants approved by the EU for testing of interactions between packaging materials and food, and an alternative fatty food simulant (95% aqueous ethanol) were used to study the influence of trace metals and acids, as well as variation in pH and ethanol concentration, on the stability of ?-tocopherol in the LDPE film. The presence of trace metals in aqueous media accelerated loss of ?-tocopherol from the film, while the addition of citric or ascorbic acid counteracted this loss. In contact with aqueous ethanol at a concentration of 50% or higher, the less of ?-tocopherol from the film was total. However, with solutions containing less than 50% ethanol, the antioxidant was almost completely retained in the film, unless the temperature was increased from 6 to 40°C. For contact with solutions containing ethanol or trace metals, an increase in temperature resulted in a greater loss of ?-tocopherol from the LDPE film.
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| 5. |
- Wessling, C., et al.
(författare)
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Mobility of ?-tocopherol and BHT in LDPE in contact with fatty food simulants
- 1998
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Ingår i: Food Additives and Contaminants. - 0265-203X .- 1464-5122. ; 15:6, s. 709-715
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The migration/sorption behaviour of butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) and ?-tocopherol was studied in packaging material in contact with fatty food simulants. Two low-density polyethylene (LDPE) films, containing either BHT or ?-tocopherol as antioxidants, were stored in contact with sunflower oil or 95% (v/v) ethanol. The antioxidant content was monitored in the films throughout a period of 7 weeks. The migration of ?-tocopherol into the food simulants was slower than that of BHT. Since ?-tocopherol was transferred from the film to the simulant to a lesser extent, it is considered to be a more stable antioxidant than BHT when used in an LDPE film in contact with 95% ethanol or sunflower oil.
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| 6. |
- Widén, Heléne, et al.
(författare)
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Identification of chemicals, possibly originating from misuse of refillable PET bottles, responsible for consumer complaints about off-odours in water and soft drinks
- 2005
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Ingår i: Food Additives and Contaminants. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0265-203X .- 1464-5122. ; 22:7, s. 681-692
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Mineral water and soft drinks with a perceptible off-odour were analysed to identify contaminants originating from previous misuse of the refillable polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottle. Consumers detected the off-odour after opening the bottle and duly returned it with the remaining content to the producers. The contaminants in question had thus been undetected by the in-line detection devices (so-called 'sniffers') that are supposed to reject misused bottles. GC-MS analysis was carried out on the headspace of 31 returned products and their corresponding reference products, and chromatograms were compared to find the possible off-odour compounds. Substances believed to be responsible for the organoleptic change were 2-methoxynaphthalene (10 bottles), dimethyl disulfide (4), anethole (3), petroleum products (4), ethanol with isoamyl alcohol (1) and a series of ethers (1). The mouldy/musty odour (5 bottles) was caused by trichloroanisole in one instance. In some cases, the origins of the off-odours are believed to be previous consumer misuse of food products (liquorice-flavoured alcohol, home-made alcohol containing fusel oil) or non-food products (cleaning products, petroleum products, oral moist snuff and others). The results also apply to 1.5-litre recyclable PET bottles, since the nature and extent of consumer misuse can be expected to be similar for the two bottle types. © 2005 Taylor & Francis Group Ltd.
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| 7. |
- Widén, Heléne, et al.
(författare)
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Migration of model contaminants from PET bottles : Influence of temperature, food simulant and functional barrier
- 2004
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Ingår i: Food Additives and Contaminants. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0265-203X .- 1464-5122. ; 21:10, s. 993-1006
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- To simulate post-consumer recycled plastics, selected model contaminants were incorporated into PET bottles using a time saving method. Migration into 3% acetic acid, a cola-type beverage and 95% ethanol was followed during 1 year of storage at 20 and 40°C. Aroma compounds previously found in post-consumer PET material were used as model contaminants. Benzaldehyde was found to migrate to the highest extent. Storage at 40°C affected the bottle material and this might be one reason for the high migration values of these bottles. Migration into ethanol was up to 20 times higher than into 3% acetic acid or a cola-type beverage. Bottles with a functional barrier resisted migration into food simulants even when filled with 95% ethanol and stored for 1 year at 40°C. Differential scanning calorimetry measurements showed that ethanol was interacting with the plastic material. This resulted in a lower glass transition temperature of bottles stored with ethanol compared with bottles stored empty or with other food simulants.
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| 8. |
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| 9. |
- Falandysz, J, et al.
(författare)
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Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and their congener-specific accumulation in edible fish from the Gulf of Gdask, Baltic Sea
- 2002
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Ingår i: Food Additives & Contaminants. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0265-203X. ; 19:8, s. 779-95
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Concentrations and composition profiles of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were investigated in composite samples of 10 species of edible fish from the Gulf of Gda sk, in the southern part of the Baltic Sea, Poland, to understand the status of contamination and possible human exposure risk. Apart from the total PCBs, planar non-ortho (IUPAC nos 77, 126, 169) and mono-ortho (nos 105, 114, 118, 123, 156, 157, 167, 189) chlorobiphenyls were also quantified and their dioxin-like toxicity assessed. The absolute total PCB concentrations in fish ranged from 43 to 490 ng g-1 wet wt (910-11000 ng g-1 lipids), while of TCDD TEQs of planar members were from 0.15 to 3.1 pg g-1 wet wt (8.1-81 pg g-1 lipids). The penta- and hexa-CBs usually comprised 70-80% of the total PCBs and were followed by hepta-, tetra- and tri-CBs, and for a specific site tri- and tetra-CBs comprised as much as 22%. Among the individual CB congeners, nos 118, 153 (+132) and 138 (+160 +163 +164) were the most abundant, while no. 110 comprised between 6.8 and 9.3% of the total PCBs in some species. Principal component analysis (PCA) was applied to examine the interdependences among CB congeners in the factor space. The PCA model and cluster analyses were further used to examine site- and species-specific differences and similarities of PCB composition, and the results are discussed. An assessed daily intake rate of TCDD TEQ of planar PCBs with the fishmeal of the Gulf of Gda sk in the 1990s was between 78 and 96 pg per capita or between 1.3 and 1.6 pg kg-1 body weight.
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| 10. |
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