| 1. |
- Adolfsson, Maja, et al.
(författare)
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Temporary employment, employee representation, and employer-paid training : a comparative analysis
- 2022
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Ingår i: European Sociological Review. - : Oxford University Press. - 0266-7215 .- 1468-2672. ; 38:5, s. 785-798
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This article examines the moderating role of employee representation on the chances of receiving employer-paid training among temporary and permanent workers from a cross-country, comparative perspective. The impact of employee representation is considered at the individual level and at the country level. The statistical analyses are performed using data from the 2015 European Working Conditions Survey and multilevel modelling. Our results suggest that temporary workers receive less employer-paid training than permanent workers. Access to employee representation increases workers' access to employer-paid training, regardless of contract type. At the country level, we found that the training-related benefits from union coverage are larger for permanent than for temporary workers. Our findings suggest that employee representation in the workplace could operate as an equalizer between temporary and permanent workers; while at the country level, the lobbying effect of union coverage is more beneficial for permanent workers.
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| 2. |
- Alm Fjellborg, Andreas, PhD, 1982-, et al.
(författare)
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Even in preschools : analysing the preschool and neighbourhood segregation gap in Swedish municipalities
- 2023
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Ingår i: European Sociological Review. - : Oxford University Press. - 0266-7215 .- 1468-2672. ; 39:5, s. 677-691
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Preschool segregation has not been the focus of research efforts to the same extent as compulsory school segregation. This is at least in part a consequence of the lack of large-scale, registry-based data sources on where children live and where they attend preschool. This paper presents a full-population account of discrepancies between preschool segregation and neighbourhood segregation covering the Swedish population. Data includes preschool children as well as their parents’ income, education, ethnic background, and place of residence. Findings indicate that while preschool segregation does not differ from neighbourhood segregation to the same extent as previous research has shown for school segregation, there are systematic differences affecting the level of segregation across Sweden and in various types of municipalities. Studies on school level show segregation by foreign background and income to be most prominent, whilst preschool segregation mostly concerns parents’ educational attainment. Furthermore, the findings show that the geographical distribution of private and public preschools affects levels of segregation. This conclusion supports the general argument that the free-choice reform in the Swedish school system tends to raise levels of school segregation above the levels of residential segregation—even in preschools.
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| 3. |
- Alm, Susanne, et al.
(författare)
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The Diminishing Power of One? Welfare State Retrenchment and Rising Poverty of Single-Adult Households in Sweden 1988-2011
- 2020
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Ingår i: European Sociological Review. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0266-7215 .- 1468-2672. ; 36:2, s. 198-217
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this study, we analyse the sharp rise in poverty among working-age singles and single parents in Sweden. In a dual-earner society like Sweden, we show that the return of mass unemployment in combination with the retreat of a generous and inclusive welfare state have substantially increased the poverty risks of single-adult households, who cannot rely on the income buffering effect of the family. Whereas cutbacks to unemployment benefits have been detrimental for the relative income position of single-adult households, the poverty risks of couples with and without children are much less affected. Individual-level characteristics of the poor persons themselves provide little explanatory leverage for why trends in poverty diverge by family form. Our results raise a number of issues of relevance for the wider academic debate about the capacity of the welfare state to adequately respond to both old and new social risk groups.
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| 4. |
- Aradhya, Siddartha, et al.
(författare)
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Unemployment persistence among second-generation immigrants
- 2023
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Ingår i: European Sociological Review. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0266-7215 .- 1468-2672. ; 39:3, s. 433-448
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Many immigrant groups disproportionately experience unemployment and this disadvantage often extends to their children—the second generation. This paper contributes to this stream of research by studying unemployment dynamics of the ancestral population and second-generation immigrants in Sweden. In particular, we ask: does unemployment persistence differ between ancestral Swedes and 10 second-generation immigrant groups? We answer this question using correlated dynamic random-effects logit models to study the effect of past on current unemployment—also known as genuine state dependence. We use Swedish register data to follow individuals over their early working careers. The results indicate that although past unemployment has a similar relative effect on current unemployment across the ancestry groups, past unemployment increases the probability of current unemployment (absolute effect) more among second-generation Middle-Eastern, Turkish, and Southern European immigrants. Because of higher baseline levels of unemployment, the labour market consequences of similar relative effects are more pronounced among the second generation as compared to ancestral Swedes. The paper concludes by elaborating on the reasons behind these contrasting results while highlighting the importance of examining heterogeneous effects on both the relative and absolute scales.
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| 5. |
- Baier, Tina, et al.
(författare)
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Genetic Influences on Educational Achievement in Cross-National Perspective
- 2022
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Ingår i: European Sociological Review. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0266-7215 .- 1468-2672. ; 38:6, s. 959-974
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- There is a growing interest in how social conditions moderate genetic influences on education [gene–environment interactions (GxE)]. Previous research has focused on the family, specifically parents’ social background, and has neglected the institutional environment. To assess the impact of macro-level influences, we compare genetic influences on educational achievement and their social stratification across Germany, Norway, Sweden, and the United States. We combine well-established GxE-conceptualizations with the comparative stratification literature and propose that educational systems and welfare-state regimes affect the realization of genetic potential. We analyse population-representative survey data on twins (Germany and the United States) and twin registers (Norway and Sweden), and estimate genetically sensitive variance decomposition models. Our comparative design yields three main findings. First, Germany stands out with comparatively weak genetic influences on educational achievement suggesting that early tracking limits the realization thereof. Second, in the United States genetic influences are comparatively strong and similar in size compared to the Nordic countries. Third, in Sweden genetic influences are stronger among disadvantaged families supporting the expectation that challenging and uncertain circumstances promote genetic expression. This ideosyncratic finding must be related to features of Swedish social institutions or welfare-state arrangements that are not found in otherwise similar countries.
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| 6. |
- Baranowska-Rataj, Anna, et al.
(författare)
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Is it worth becoming an engineer in Central and Eastern Europe? : The evidence from Poland and Estonia
- 2012
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Ingår i: European Sociological Review. - : Oxford University Press. - 0266-7215 .- 1468-2672. ; 28:6, s. 717-728
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The aim of this study is to examine the labour market returns to field of study for tertiary graduates in two countries with post-socialist heritage: Poland and Estonia. So far, research focusing on the employment chances of graduates in Western countries has emphasized the benefits of engineering. We would like to revisit this conclusion and find out if the same can be generalized for all other societies, including Central and Eastern Europe. We use micro-level data, which include detailed information about the type of education gained and early career development. We examine the following outcomes: the chances of finding a job within the first half-year of graduation and the quality of the first job and its salary. Our findings suggest that in Estonia and Poland, the effects of completing engineering courses are quite different to Western Europe. We discuss possible explanations for the lack of advantage for engineering graduates. We pay special attention to the role of licensing, i.e. institutional barriers to entry into the occupation of engineer.
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| 7. |
- Baranowska-Rataj, Anna, 1980-, et al.
(författare)
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Parental unemployment and adolescents' subjective wellbeing : the moderating role of educational policies
- 2024
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Ingår i: European Sociological Review. - : Oxford University Press. - 0266-7215 .- 1468-2672. ; 40:2, s. 276-292
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Crossover effects of parental unemployment on subjective wellbeing of children attract growing attention in research on social inequalities. Recent economic crises call for identifying policies that mitigate the adverse effects of unemployment. Building on the theoretical insights from Capability Approach, we examine the relationship between parental unemployment and subjective wellbeing of adolescents across countries with different educational policies. We use multilevel modelling and data from the European Union Statistics on Income and Living Conditions (EU-SILC). We combine microdata on 45,992 adolescents in 32 countries with macro-level indicators of educational policies. We find that parental unemployment is associated with lower subjective wellbeing among adolescents, but the magnitude of this association varies depending on access to financial support for participation in education. Adolescents who receive educational allowances and who live in countries with broader access to such support are less harmed by parental unemployment.
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| 8. |
- Barclay, Kieron, et al.
(författare)
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The Production of Inequalities within Families and across Generations : The Intergenerational Effects of Birth Order on Educational Attainment
- 2021
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Ingår i: European Sociological Review. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0266-7215 .- 1468-2672. ; 37:4, s. 607-625
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- There has long been interest in the extent to which effects of social stratification extend and persist across generations. We take a novel approach to this question by asking whether birth order in the parental generation influences the educational attainment of their children. To address this question, we use Swedish population data on cohorts born 1960–1982. To study the effects of parental birth order, we use cousin fixed effects comparisons. In analyses where we compare cousins who share the same biological grandparents to adjust for unobserved factors in the extended family, we find that having a later-born parent reduces educational attainment to a small extent. For example, a second- or fifth-born mother reduces educational attainment by 0.09 and 0.18 years, respectively, while having a second- or fifth-born father reduces educational attainment by 0.04 and 0.11 years, respectively. After adjusting for attained parental education and social class, the parental birth order effect is practically attenuated to zero. Overall our results suggest that parental birth order influences offspring educational and socioeconomic outcomes through the parents own educational and socioeconomic attainment. We cautiously suggest that parental birth order may have potential as an instrument for parental socioeconomic status in social stratification research more generally.
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| 9. |
- Bask, Miia, 1977-
(författare)
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Welfare problems and social exclusion among immigrants in Sweden
- 2005
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Ingår i: European Sociological Review. - Oxford : Oxford University Press. - 0266-7215 .- 1468-2672. ; 21:1, s. 73-89
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this paper, we examine social exclusion among immigrants in Sweden. The groups under scrutiny are native Swedes, first generation Swedes, naturalized Swedes, Nordic citizens and non-Nordic citizens. Specifically, because one goal of the welfare state is to break the connections between different welfare problems, we investigate the associations between welfare problems among different immigrant groups as well as among native Swedes. We find that the accumulation of welfare problems is higher among immigrant groups, but that the correlations between welfare problems are strongest among Swedes. Finally, we analyse social exclusion among immigrants using a logistic regression analysis. Because a regression analysis with explanatory variables such as demographic variables, human capital indicators and socioeconomic class cannot explain the difference between immigrants and native Swedes, it appears that discrimination is a probable explanation.
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| 10. |
- Bergh, Andreas
(författare)
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On the counterfactual problem of welfare state research: How can we measure redistribution?
- 2005
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Ingår i: European Sociological Review. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0266-7215 .- 1468-2672. ; 21:4, s. 345-357
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- To measure welfare state redistribution, it is standard to compare the income distributions before and after taxes and transfers. This approach incorrectly assumes that the pre fisc distribution is independent of the welfare state. This paper identifies four sources of bias in the pre/post-approach: 1) Welfare states redistribute both between individuals and between generations, 2) Labor supply responses vary between socio-economic groups and depend on taxes and transfers, 3) The redistribution within social insurance schemes depends on the correlation between risk and income, and 4) Welfare states use public education to influence the distribution of earnings capabilities. I combine theoretical models, numeric simulations and empirics to examine the bias caused by these factors. Results indicate that the pre/post approach is more biased for welfare states with flat rate benefits and proportional taxation, that positively income-related benefits have a redistributive effect, and that public expenditure on primary and secondary education reduces inequality.
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