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| 2. |
- Karlsson, Åsa, et al.
(författare)
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External Costs and Taxes in Heat Supply System
- 2003
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Ingår i: Energy Policy. - 0301-4215 .- 1873-6777. ; 31:14, s. 1541-1560
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A systems approach was used to compare different heating systems from a consumer perspective. The whole energy system was considered from natural resources to the required energy services. District heating, electric heat pumps, electric boilers, natural-gas-, oil- or pellet-fired local boilers were considered when supplying heat to a detached house. The district heat production included wood-chip-fired and natural-gas-fired cogeneration plants. Electricity other than cogenerated electricity was produced in wood-chip- and natural-gas-fired stand-alone power plants. The analysis includes four tax scenarios, as well as the external cost of environmental and health damage arising from energy conversion emission based on the ExternE study of the European Commission. The most cost efficient systems were the natural-gas and oil boiler systems, followed by the heat pump and district heating systems, when the external cost and taxes were excluded. When including the external costs of CO2 emission, the wood-fuel-based systems were much more cost efficient than the fossil-fuel-based systems, also when CO2 capture and storage were applied. The external costs are, however, highly uncertain. Taxes steer towards lowering energy use and lowering CO2 emission if they are levied solely on all the fossil-fuel-related emission and fuel use in the systems. If consumer electricity and heat taxes are used, the taxes have an impact on the total cost, regardless of the fuel used, thereby benefiting fuel-based local heating systems. The heat pump systems were the least affected by taxes, due to their high energy efficiency. The electric boiler systems were the least cost efficient systems, also when the external cost and taxes were included.
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| 3. |
- Lindén, Anna-Lisa, et al.
(författare)
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Voluntary agreements - a measure for energy-efficiency in industry? Lessons from a Swedish programme
- 2002
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Ingår i: Energy Policy. - 1873-6777 .- 0301-4215. ; 30:10, s. 897-905
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Voluntary agreements represent a policy instrument for applying new knowledge, routines or technology to specified issues. The traditional role of an authority when using information, and taking economic, or administrative measures is that of an initiator and controller. Voluntary agreements, on the other hand, represent a communication process between an authority and a partner where relations of dependency and mutuality are more important in advancing the programme. This article analyses and discusses the motivational aspects of voluntary agreements, the role of the contract, advising, information, education, time planning and the importance of reporting and evaluation in energy-efficiency programmes. Besides sociological and communication theories, the discussion is based on the outcome of an evaluation of a Swedish energy-efficiency programme. Among the conclusions are that communication processes have to be planned and implemented in time sequences and steps of measures, which was partially neglected in the Swedish programme. Also, agreements between partners have to be defined in ways valid for all partners. In the Swedish programme, quantitative goals, at least measured in kWh, were impossible to achieve for some industries. On the other hand, most industries reported progress in side effects of energy efficiency as for example transportation policy for products, recirculation of waste material, lighting policy and behaviour, qualifications for ISO labelling. Information in combination with voluntary agreements can be efficient for industrial energy conservation. The education and auditing that was part of the Swedish programme were highly appreciated and added to the achievements.
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| 4. |
- Swisher, Joel, et al.
(författare)
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Dynamics of Energy Efficient Lighting
- 1994
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Ingår i: Energy Policy. - : Elsevier BV. - 1873-6777 .- 0301-4215. ; 22:7, s. 581-594
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The paper discusses the results of a time dynamic analysis of the possible effects of government and utility sponsored energy efficiency programmes on lighting energy use in Sweden. Scenarios are developed of electricity demand and efficiency improvement, based on various types of energy performance standards and utility demand-side management (DSM) investments. The scenarios account for the dynamics of equipment turnover and existing trends in technology. Efficiency measures are further constrained by administrative costs, market penetration limits, and the technical and institutional feasibility of the efficiency measures.
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| 5. |
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| 6. |
- Holmgren, Kristina, et al.
(författare)
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Modelling a district heating system: introduction of waste incineration, policy instruments and co-operation with an industry
- 2004
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Ingår i: Energy Policy. - 0301-4215. ; 32:16, s. 1807-1817
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The capacity for waste incineration in Swedish municipalities is increasing due to regulations aimed at decreasing landfill with waste. This has a large impact on the municipal energy systems, since waste is an important fuel for district heating production. The object of this study is a municipality, Skövde, which is planning to build a waste incineration plant to produce electricity and heat. The municipality is also planning to extend the district heating grid to include a large industrial heat consumer. The economic effect on the energy system of these measures is analysed as well as environmental effects in terms of carbon dioxide emissions. The consequences of two different policy instruments, green electricity certificates and a tax on waste incineration, are also studied. Economic optimisations show that the advantage of co-operation with industry is twofold: lower heat production costs and a considerable reduction of carbon dioxide emissions. It is economically feasible to invest in a waste incineration plant for heat production. An important measure to lower carbon dioxide emissions is to introduce combined heat and power production on the assumption that locally produced electricity replaces electricity produced by coal condensing power.
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| 7. |
- Jacobsson, Staffan, 1951, et al.
(författare)
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The Diffusion of Renewable Energy Technology : An Analytical Framework and Key Issues for Research
- 2000
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Ingår i: Energy Policy. - : Elsevier. - 0301-4215 .- 1873-6777. ; 28:9, s. 625-640
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- During the last two decades there has been a great deal of research on renewable energy technologies. It is commonly thought that very little has come out of this research in terms of commercially interesting technologies. The first objective of this paper is to demonstrate that this perception is no longer entirely correct; in the 1990s there has been a double-digit growth rate in the market for some renewable energy technologies. The consequent alteration in the energy system, is, however, a slow, painful and highly uncertain process. This process, we argue, needs to be studied using an innovation system perspective where the focus is on networks, institutions and firms’ perceptions, competencies and strategies. The second objective of the paper is therefore to present the bare bones of such an analytical framework. A third objective is to identify a set of key issues related to the speed and direction of that transformation process which needs to be studied further.
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| 8. |
- Kåberger, Tomas, 1961
(författare)
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Environmental labelling of electricity delivery contracts in Sweden
- 2003
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Ingår i: Energy Policy. - 0301-4215. ; 31, s. 633-640
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Competition in the electricity market allows customers to choose between suppliers. As a consequence, customers may demand electricity from specified sources of energy. In Sweden, the Swedish Society for Nature Conservation (SSNC), operates a system of environmental labelling of electricity delivery contracts since 1996. Labelling is available for suppliers offering electricity from renewable sources of energy with some additional criteria. Companies may acquire a licence to use the label by showing ability to deliver such electricity and by agreeing to be audited. The system is private independent. It is operating on the bases of credibility earned by the SSNC during 90 years as an environmental organisation and 10 years as operator of environmental labelling of consumer products. The system is market oriented, compatible with WTO and EU market principles, and independent of governmental environmental restrictions, subsidy or quota systems. It is relying on voluntary agreements. The results are desirable if only a few by electricity under labelled contracts as well as if every customer do so. The market is growing. A majority of the suppliers have a license and may offer labelled contracts. In the year 2000, 7% of all electricity sold to final consumers was sold under labelled contracts.
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| 9. |
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| 10. |
- Radetzki, Marian
(författare)
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Elimination of West European coal subsidies : implications for coal production and coal imports
- 1995
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Ingår i: Energy Policy. - : Elsevier BV. - 0301-4215 .- 1873-6777. ; 23:6, s. 509-518
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Expanding volumes of international coal supply can be secured in West European harbours at US$50-60 (1993) per tonne. In 1993, Western Europe produced 160 million tonnes of coal, but the cost was far above the import price. High subsidies are needed to keep the production viable. Removal of these subsidies will force a large part of the West European coal industry to close down. A cut of the current output by 91 million tonnes in the medium run, rising to 108 million in the longer run, can be anticipated in consequence of subsidy elimination. Even though coal usage in Western Europe could conceivably decline, as existing obligations to purchase domestic coal are removed, most of the cut production is likely to be replaced by foreign coal. A very large increase in West European coal imports can therefore be anticipated after a discontinuation of the region's coal protection policies.
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