| 1. |
- Anderson, Johan, et al.
(författare)
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European approach to assess the fire performance of façades
- 2020
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Ingår i: Fire and Materials. - : John Wiley and Sons Ltd. - 0308-0501 .- 1099-1018.
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Several attempts have been made in the past to develop a European harmonized testing and assessment method for façades before the European commission decided to publish a call for tender on the topic. A project consortium from five countries (Sweden, UK, France, Germany and Hungary) applied to the call for tender and was contracted to develop a European approach to assess the fire performance of façades. 24 sub-contractors and 14 stakeholder entities were part of the project. The objective of the European project was to address a request from the Standing Committee of Construction (SCC) to provide EC Member States regulators with a means to regulate the fire performance of façade systems based on a European approach agreed by SCC. The initial stages of this project were focused on establishing a register of the regulatory requirements in all Member States in relation to the fire performance of façade systems, and to identify those Member States who have regulatory requirements for the fire performance façade systems which go beyond the current EN 13501 (reaction to fire and fire resistance) classification systems and to collate the details of these additional requirements. After having confirmed the regulatory needs a testing and classification methodology based on BS 8414 and DIN 4102-20 was developed to address the identified key performance and classification characteristics. This paper is a short overview of results the two-year development work, which Final Report published by the European Commission in 2018. © 2020 The Authors. Fire and Materials published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
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| 2. |
- Anderson, Johan, et al.
(författare)
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Experimental comparisons in façade fire testing considering SP Fire 105 and the BS 8414‐1
- 2018
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Ingår i: Fire and Materials. - : Wiley. - 0308-0501 .- 1099-1018. ; 42:5
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A comparison between full‐scale façade fire tests where SP Fire 105 and BS 8414‐1 were used regarding repeatability and the use of modeling to discern changes in the setups is presented. Two test series according to BS 8414‐1 were repeated outside using the same façade systems on 2 different days, whereas for the SP Fire 105 a set of common façade systems in Sweden were tested indoors. In particular, the results show that the wind around the test setup may have a significant impact on the tests and that the heat exposure to the façade surface will depend on the thickness of the test specimen where an increased temperature in front of the façade, and a decreased temperature on the façade 2.1 m above the fire room, is observed experimentally. The heat exposure to the test specimen varies to a more limited extent when an uncontrollable free burning fire source is used (in this study heptane and wood, respectively) and that this variation increases when wind is present.
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| 3. |
- Anderson, Johan, et al.
(författare)
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FDS simulations and modelling efforts of travelling fires in a large elongated compartment
- 2021
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Ingår i: Fire and Materials. - : John Wiley and Sons Ltd. - 0308-0501 .- 1099-1018. ; 45:6, s. 699-
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The present paper investigates a travelling fire scenario in an elongated structure (Length 18 m × width 6 m × height 3 m) with a controlled fire source of six trays filled with diesel (width 4 m × length 0.5 m). The fire spread is controlled manually by initiating fires consecutively in the pools. Fire dynamics simulator (FDS) is used to a-priori investigate variations in geometry, material data and fire load, whereas simulations using the final design and measured heat release rates (HRR) were performed after the test. The input to the model beside fire source and geometry are thermal material data. The FDS simulations were used to determine the appropriate size of the downstands (2 m from the ceiling in the final design) on the side to create a sufficiently one-dimensional fire spread. The post-test simulations indicate that although there are a lot of variations not included in the model similar results were obtained as in the test.
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| 4. |
- Anderson, Johan, et al.
(författare)
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Modelling of fire exposure in facade fire testing
- 2017
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Ingår i: Fire and Materials. - : John Wiley & Sons. - 0308-0501 .- 1099-1018. ; 42:5, s. 475-483
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this paper, a comparative simulation study on 3 large‐scale facade testing methods, namely,the SP Fire 105, BS 8414‐1, and the ISO 13785‐2 methods, is presented. Generally goodcorrespondence between simulations and experimental data has been found, provided thatthermal properties of the facade material and heat release rates are known; however, thecorrespondence deviates in close proximity of the fire source. Furthermore, a statistical ensemblefor evaluating the effects stemming from uncertainty in input data is used. Here, it wasfound using this statistical ensemble that the variability was smaller in the ISO 13785‐2compared to the BS 8414‐1 method. The heat release rates (HRR) used in the simulations wereadopted from measurements except for the ISO method where the information in the standardwas used to approximate the HRR. A quantitative similarity between the HRR in the ISOmethod and the British method was found.
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| 5. |
- Andersson, Berit, et al.
(författare)
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Fire Behaviour of Upholstered Furniture – An Experimental Study
- 1985
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Ingår i: Fire and Materials. - : Wiley. - 1099-1018 .- 0308-0501. ; 9:1, s. 41-45
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A series of experiments for studies of flammability characteristics of upholstered furniture is presented. The series comprises 53 experiments on a reduced scale and 11 full-scale experiments in an extensively instrumented room. Results are presented from measurements of rate of heat release and smoke production. The experiments indicate that ignitability can be considerably decreased by careful choice of the upholstery materials.
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| 6. |
- Andersson, Petra, et al.
(författare)
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Heat sensing manikin test probe
- 2000
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Ingår i: Fire and Materials. - 0308-0501 .- 1099-1018. ; 24, s. 195-199
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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| 7. |
- Andersson, Petra, et al.
(författare)
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Using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy to determine toxic gases in fires with lithium-ion batteries
- 2016
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Ingår i: Fire and Materials. - : Wiley. - 0308-0501 .- 1099-1018. ; 40:8, s. 999-1015
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Batteries, in particular lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries, are seen as an alternative to fossil fuels in the automotive sector. Li-ion batteries, however, have some safety issues including possible emissions of toxic fluorine-containing compounds during fire and other abuse situations. This paper demonstrates the possibilities to use the Fourier transform infrared technique to assess some of the most important compounds, including hydrogen fluoride and the far less often measured POF3 and PF5. The study is conducted in the cone calorimeter with different solvents used in Li-ion batteries. The measurements show that, in addition to hydrogen fluoride, with a known high toxicity, POF3 is emitted and can be quantified using Fourier transform infrared.
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| 8. |
- Andres, Blanca, et al.
(författare)
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Fire resistance of cold-formed steel framed shear walls under various fire scenarios
- 2020
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Ingår i: Fire and Materials. - : Wiley. - 0308-0501 .- 1099-1018. ; 44:3, s. 352-364
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper presents results of large-scale experiments with varying levels of fire severity on lateral force-resisting systems commonly used in cold-formed steel framed buildings. Gypsum-sheet steel composite panel sheathed walls, oriented strand board sheathed walls, and steel strap-braced walls are examined. Postflashover fire conditions of two different intensities as well as 1 hour of fire exposure similar to that in a standard furnace qualification test are studied. Additionally, a full-scale furnished kitchen fire experiment is conducted for comparison. The results highlight differences in the thermal response and subsequent performance of the walls as well as differing sensitives of the walls to pre-damage, eg, that might occur during an earthquake. The results are part of a larger effort to provide fragilities for these wall systems in response to realistic fires for performance-based design.
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| 9. |
- Arias, Silvia, et al.
(författare)
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Pursuing behavioral realism in Virtual Reality for fire evacuation research
- 2021
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Ingår i: Fire and Materials. - : Wiley. - 0308-0501 .- 1099-1018. ; 45:4, s. 462-472
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The use of virtual reality in human behavior in fire research has the advantage of being able to produce results comparable to more traditional laboratory or field experiments. This method relies not only on the technology employed but also on the participants' perception of realism when exposed to a virtual emergency scenario. A virtual scenario can be perceived as realistic based on the way it looks and on the way objects in it operates. However, in some experiments, behavioral realism can be the most relevant feature to obtain meaningful results. In this article, knowledge gained by running four different virtual reality experiments is presented in the form of challenges and recommendations to enhance the realism of the virtual experience. Although not in a comprehensive way, these challenges and recommendations refer to different parts of the process of running a virtual reality experiment for research in human behavior in fire, from the design of the environment to the behavior of the participants in it. The recommendations provided are based on observations. By spreading this knowledge, it is expected to aid the broader fire safety engineering community to develop more realistic virtual reality experiments for data collection on human behavior in fire.
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| 10. |
- Barton, John, et al.
(författare)
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The effect of oxygen concentration on selected industrial products in the open controlled atmosphere cone calorimeter
- 2022
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Ingår i: Fire and Materials. - : Wiley. - 0308-0501 .- 1099-1018. ; 46:4, s. 617-627
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Past research on the effect of oxygen concentration on the heat release rate and carbon monoxide yield has focused on materials in isolation and there is a lack of research that studies end-use products. This paper investigates the effect of oxygen concentration on the heat release rate per unit area (HRRPUA) and carbon monoxide yield for two different cables and a mineral oil used as an operating fluid for vacuum pumps. A standard cone calorimeter was used to conduct the tests at an ambient oxygen concentration of 21% and an open controlled atmosphere cone calorimeter (OCACC) was used for the tests conducted below 21%. The OCACC allows cone calorimeter tests to be run at different oxygen concentrations by attaching a chamber to the standard cone calorimeter. The effects of oxygen concentration on the HRRPUA and carbon monoxide yield for the cables were limited when there was flaming over the entire exposed surface area. For the mineral oil, there was a large decrease in the HRPPUA at a reduced oxygen concentration, but the carbon monoxide yield appeared to be unaffected.
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