| 1. |
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| 2. |
- Andersson, Tommy, et al.
(författare)
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Bottom characterization of Lagoa das Furnas on Sao Miguel, Azores archipelago
- 2016
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Ingår i: Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research. - : Elsevier BV. - 0377-0273 .- 1872-6097. ; 321, s. 196-207
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Lagoa das Furnas is a crater lake located in an area exposed to geohazards from earthquakes and volcanic activity on the island of sao Miguel in the Azores Archipelago. Geophysical mapping of Lagoa das Furnas reveals a previously undiscovered volcanic dome. This dome is comprised largely of subaquatic pyroclastic debris of trachytic composition. Sedimentological, petrological, geochemical and geochronological studies of pyroclastic deposits from the dome link it to the historically documented Furnas 1630 eruption. The chemistry of glass and crystal fragments sampled from the dome suggests that it is comprised of more evolved magma than that of the main Furnas 1630 dome located 1400 m away. This suggests that the dome was formed during a final phase of the 1630 eruption in the Lagoa das Furnas area.
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| 3. |
- Benediktsdottir, Asdis, et al.
(författare)
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Ambient noise tomography of Eyjafjallajokull volcano, Iceland
- 2017
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Ingår i: Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research. - : Elsevier BV. - 0377-0273 .- 1872-6097. ; 347, s. 250-263
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We present a shear-velocity model for the Eyjafjallajokull stratovolcano, based on ambient seismic noise tomography applied to seven months of data from six permanent stations and -10 temporary seismic stations, deployed during and after the 2010 volcanic unrest. Vertical components of noise were cross correlated resulting in 30 robust phase-velocity dispersion curves between 1.6 and 6.5 s in period, displaying a +/- 20% variation in phase velocity beneath the volcano. The uneven distribution of noise sources, evaluated using signal-to-noise ratios, was estimated to cause less than 2% error in most curves. Sensitivity kernels showed resolution down to 10 km and the lateral resolution of the resulting phase-velocity maps was about 5 km. The model reveals east-west oriented high-velocity anomalies due east and west of the caldera. Between these a zone of lower velocity is identified, coinciding with the location of earthquakes that occurred during the summit eruption in April 2010. A shallow, southwest elongated low-velocity anomaly is located 5 km southwest of the caldera. The limited depth resolution of the shear-velocity model precludes detection of melt within the volcano.
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| 4. |
- Berghuijs, Jaap F., et al.
(författare)
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Magma ascent, fragmentation and depositional characteristics of “dry” maar volcanoes : Similarities with vent-facies kimberlite deposits
- 2013
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Ingår i: Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research. - : Elsevier BV. - 0377-0273 .- 1872-6097. ; 252, s. 53-72
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Several maar craters within the Lake Natron-Engaruka monogenetic volcanic field (LNE-MVF) of northern Tanzania show compelling evidence for magmatic fragmentation and dry deposition. This is in contradiction of the common belief that most maars are formed through the explosive interaction between ascending magma and ground- or surface water. We here present a detailed study on the eruptive and depositional characteristics of the Loolmurwak and Eledoi maar volcanoes, two of the largest craters in the LNE-MVF, focusing on high-resolution stratigraphy, sedimentology, grain size distribution, pyroclast textures and morphologies, bulk geochemistry and mineral chemistry. At both maars, ejected material has been emplaced by a combination of pyroclastic surges and fallout. Indicators of phreatomagmatic fragmentation and wet deposition, such as impact sags, accretionary lapilli, vesiculated tuffs and plastering against obstacles, are absent in the deposits. juvenile material predominantly occurs as fluidal-shaped vesicular melt droplets and contains no glass shards produced by the breakage of bubble walls. The Eledoi deposits comprise a large amount of inversely graded beds and lenses, which result from grain flow in a dry depositional environment. Preferential deposition of fine material toward the northern side of its crater can be related to effective wind winnowing in a dry eruption plume. This large variety of observations testifies to the dominance of magmatic fragmentation as well as dry deposition at the Loolmurwak and Eledoi maars, which is in line with what has been found for other structures in the LNE-MVF but contrasts with current ideas on maar formation. We infer that a volatile-rich, olivine melilitic magma was formed by small amounts of partial melting at upper mantle depths. With minimum average ascent rates of 5.3 m s(-1) for Loolmurwak and 26.2 m s(-1) for Eledoi, this magma rapidly moved toward the surface and exsolved a substantial amount of volatiles, sufficiently large to drive magmatic fragmentation. Both eruptions were pulsating in intensity and relatively short-lived, with estimated durations of 23 and 10 h for Loolmurwak and Eledoi, respectively. The depositional characteristics of these maars, including the abundant occurrence of mantle xenoliths in the deposits, as well as their envisaged mode of emplacement show a strong similarity to the often poorly preserved vent-facies of kimberlitic diatremes. Therefore, future research on well-preserved melilititic maar-diatreme deposits may provide valuable insights into kimberlite emplacement processes. (C) 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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| 5. |
- Bosshard-Stadlin, Sonja A., et al.
(författare)
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Leaching of lava and tephra from the Oldoinyo Lengai volcano (Tanzania) : Remobilization of fluorine and other potentially toxic elements into surface waters of the Gregory Rift
- 2017
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Ingår i: Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research. - : Elsevier BV. - 0377-0273 .- 1872-6097. ; 332, s. 14-25
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Volcanic ash leachate studies have been conducted on various volcanoes on Earth, but few have been done on African volcanoes until now. Tephra emissions may affect the environment and the health of people living in this area, and therefore we conducted a first tephra (ash and lapilli sized) leachate study on the Oldoinyo Lengai volcano, situated in northern Tanzania. The recent explosive eruption in 2007-2008 provided us with fresh samples from the first three weeks of the eruption which were used for this study. In addition, we also used a natrocarbonatitic sample from the activity prior to the explosive eruption, as the major activity at Oldoinyo Lengai is natrocarbonatitic. To compare the leaching process affecting the natrocarbonatitic lavas and the tephras from Oldoinyo Lengai, the 2006 natrocarbonatitic lava flow was resampled 5 years after the emplacement and compared to the initial, unaltered composition. Special interest was given to the element fluorine (F), since it is potentially toxic to both humans and animals. A daily intake of fluoride (F-) in drinking water of >1.5 mg/l can lead to dental fluorosis, and higher concentrations lead to skeletal fluorosis. For this reason, a guideline value for fluoride in drinking water was set by the WHO (2011) to 1.5 mg/l. However, surface waters and groundwaters in the Gregory Rift have elevated fluoride levels of up to 9.12 mg/l, and as a consequence, an interim guideline value for Tanzania has been set at 8 mg/l. The total concentration of fluorine in the samples from the natrocarbonatitic lava flow is high (3.2 wt%), whereas we observed a significant decrease of the fluorine concentration (between 1.7 and 0.5 wt%) in the samples collected three days and three weeks after the onset of the explosive 2007-08 eruption. However, the total amount of water-extractable fluoride is lower in the natrocarbonatitic lavas (319 mg/l) than in the nephelinitic tephra (573-895 mg/l). This is due to the solubility of the different F-bearing minerals. In the natrocarbonatites, fluorine exists predominantly in fluorite (CaF2), and in the early tephra as Na-Mg bearing salts such as neighborite (NaMgF3) and sellaite (MgF2). All these three minerals have very low solubility in water (16-130 mg/l). The later nephelinitic tephras contain surface coating of villiaumite (NaF), which is highly soluble (42,200 mg/l) in water and can thus release the fluoride more readily upon contact with water. Although there is still the need for further data and a more precise study on this topic in Tanzania, we can already draw a first conclusion that the intake of water during or directly following the deposition of the tephra is not advisable and should be avoided, whereas the release of fluoride from the lava flow has less influence on the river waters. 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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| 6. |
- Bosshard-Stadlin, Sonja A., et al.
(författare)
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Magma mixing and forced exsolution of CO2 during the explosive 2007-2008 eruption of Oldoinyo Lengai (Tanzania)
- 2014
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Ingår i: Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research. - : Elsevier BV. - 0377-0273 .- 1872-6097. ; 285, s. 229-246
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Oldoinyo Lengai is probably most famous for being the only active volcano on Earth which is erupting natrocarbonatitic magma. However, the mildly explosive natrocarbonatitic activity is alternating with highly explosive, nephelinitic eruptions of which the most recent episode occurred in September 2007 (and lasted until April 2008). Here we present petrographic observations, mineral chemistry as well as major- and trace element analyses of samples covering the evolution of the eruption with time. In the early phases of the eruption, the phenocryst assemblages are dominated by the carbonate minerals nyerereite and gregoryite, but as the eruption progresses the mineralogy becomes dominated by silicate minerals like nepheline, pyroxene, garnet, alumoakermanite, combeite and wollastonite. The observed major- and trace element variations during the 2007-2008 eruption indicate mixing between a natrocarbonatitic magma and a combeite-wollastonite-bearing nephelinitic magma (CWN), with higher portions of natrocarbonatite in the early stages of the eruption. Euhedral and uncorroded clinopyroxene crystals are abundant in the late 2007 deposits but quickly start to break-down and corrode as the eruption continues, indicating that the natrocarbonatite and the CWN are not in fact conjugate magmas derived from a single magma reservoir, but must have evolved separately in the crust from the point of immiscibility. When these magmas interact beneath the volcano, a hybrid silicate magma forms (where clinopyroxene is no longer stable) and the composition of this hybrid causes the overall solubility of CO2 in the system to decrease drastically. This results in rapid exsolution of CO2 (g) which is allowed to expand during ascent, and we conclude that this is most likely the reason behind the unexpected vigor in the explosive eruptions of Oldoinyo Lengai. This massive release of CO2 during ascent may also explain the petrographic features of the pyroclasts as these are dominated by near-spherical droplets with moderate vesicularities, indicative of being transported in a hot gas-stream/jet in the upper conduit and forming an aerosol-type spray. (C) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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| 7. |
- Burchardt, Steffi, 1982-
(författare)
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New insights in the mechanics of sill emplacement provided by field observations of the Njardvik Sill, Northeast Iceland
- 2008
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Ingår i: Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research. - Amsterdam : Elsevier. - 0377-0273 .- 1872-6097. ; 173:3-4, s. 280-288
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Sills are concordant sheet-like bodies of magma. Their mechanics of emplacement is an important but still not fully understood topic. The well-exposed basaltic Njardvik Sill in the extinct Tertiary Dyrfjöll Volcano in Northeast Iceland offers exceptionally clear insights into the mechanism of sill emplacement. The sill is multiple and consists of at least 7 units (sills) all of which were emplaced along a sharp contact between a rhyolitic intrusion and adjacent basaltic lava flows. Each sill unit was supplied with magma from an inclined sheet. The contacts between the sheets and the sill units are very clear and show that the sill units are much thicker than their feeder sheets. Since the Njardvik Sill consists of separate units, it obviously did not evolve into a homogeneous magma body. Nevertheless, the abrupt change in dip and thickness from inclined sheets to horizontal sills at this particular locality indicates that the earlier sills were influencing the stress field in their vicinity during the subsequent sheet injections. The local stresses around the newly formed sill units forced each of the subsequently injected sheets to change into sills. The Njardvik Sill can be followed laterally in a coastal section for 140 m until it ends abruptly at a fault that cuts the sill. Using these field observations as a basis, a numerical model shows how an inclined sheet opens up the contact between the felsic intrusion and the basaltic lava pile, along which the sill emplacement takes place. The results suggest that sill emplacement is primarily the result of stress rotation at contacts between layers of contrasting mechanical properties. There, the orientation of the maximum principal compressive stress σ1 is horizontal. Hence, such contacts can represent interfaces along which sill emplacement is encouraged. Once a sill has been emplaced, it extends the stress field with a horizontal orientation of σ1. Consequently, inclined sheets and dykes injected near the sill will be deflected into sills. The injection frequency of further sill units controls if the sill can grow into a larger magma body by mixing of the newly supplied with the initially injected magma. In case of the Njardvik Sill, the injection frequency was low, so subsequently emplaced sill units can be distinguished.
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| 8. |
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| 9. |
- Dingwell, Adam, et al.
(författare)
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Estimating volcanic ash hazard in European airspace
- 2014
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Ingår i: Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research. - : Elsevier BV. - 0377-0273 .- 1872-6097. ; 286, s. 55-66
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The widespread disruption of European air traffic in late April 2010, during the eruption of Eyjafjallajökull,showed the importance of early assessment of volcanic hazard from explosive eruptions. In this study, wefocus on the short-term hazard of airborne ash from a climatological perspective, focusing on eruptions onIceland. By studying eruptions of different intensity and frequency, we estimate the overall probability that ashconcentration levels considered hazardous to aviation are exceeded over different parts of Europe.The method involves setting up a range of eruption scenarios based on the eruptive history of Icelandic volcanoes,and repeated simulation of these scenarios for 2 years' worth of meteorological data. Simulations are conducted using meteorological data from the ERA-Interim reanalysis set, which is downscaled using the Weather Researchand Forecasting (WRF) model. The weather data are then used to drive the Lagrangian particle dispersion model FLEXPART-WRF for each of the eruption scenarios. A set of threshold values, commonly used in Volcanic Ash Advisories, are used to analyze concentration data from the dispersion model.We see that the dispersion of ash is highly dominated by the mid-latitude westerlies and mainly affect northern UK and the Scandinavian peninsula. The occurrence of high ash levels from Icelandic volcanoes is lower over con-tinental Europe but should not be neglected for eruptions when the release rate of fine ash (<16 μm) is in theorder of 107 kg s−1 or higher.There is a clear seasonal variation in the ash hazard. During the summer months, the dominating dispersiondirection is less distinct with some plumes extending to the northwest and Greenland. In contrast, during thewinter months, the strong westerly winds tend to transport most of the emissions eastwards. The affected area of a winter-time eruption is likely to be larger as high concentrations can be found at a further distance downwind from the volcano, effectively increasing the probability of hazardous levels of ash reaching the European continent.The concentration thresholds for aviation, which were adopted after the Eyjafjallajökull eruption in 2010, havestrong influence on the hazard estimates for weaker eruptions but is less important for larger eruptions; thusash forecasts for weaker eruptions are likely more uncertain in comparison to larger eruptions.
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| 10. |
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