| 1. |
- Hahn-Hägerdal, Bärbel, et al.
(author)
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Production of ethanol from lignocellulosic materials
- 1988
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In: Animal Feed Science and Technology. - : Elsevier BV. - 0377-8401. ; 21:2-4, s. 175-182
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- In the bioconversion of lignocellulosic materials to ethanol, the cost of the raw material and the cost of the enzymes have been identified as the major costs for the product. In addition, many lignocellulosic materials contain considerable amounts of five-carbon sugars which are not easily fermented to ethanol. The possibility of improving the cost-intensive steps was investigated. The steam pre-treatment of a fast-growing species of Salix (Q082) was optimized with respect to treatment time and temperature, to give the best glucose yield after enzymatic hydrolysis. It was found that the semi-continuous production of cellulolytic enzymes with Trichoderem reesei Rutgers C30 in an aqueous two-phase system (an extractive fermentation system) increased the amount of recoverable enzyme activity compared with a batch process. It was also found that the enzyme consumption in the hydrolysis of cellulolytic materials, in filter paper units (FPU) g−1 reducing sugars (RS), could be considerably reduced by recirculating the cellulolytic enzymes in an aqueous two-phase system combined with an ultra-filtration unit. For the fermentation of pentoses, it was found that the combination of the commercial enzyme glucose isomerase and regular bakers' yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, was superior to xylose fermenting yeasts. Yields and productivities comparable to those obtained in hexose fermentation could be achieved.
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| 2. |
- Göransson, L., et al.
(author)
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Effects of different handling systems on pig feed quality
- 1982
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In: Animal Feed Science and Technology. - : Elsevier BV. - 0377-8401 .- 1873-2216. ; 7:1, s. 11-26
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Separation of feed mixtures and its effect on the production traits of growing-finishing pigs was studied in three experiments. In Experiments I and II the effects of different types of equipment to prevent separation in a silo were studied. Experiment III dealt with separation along a feed transport chain. Experiments I and II clearly demonstrated an increase in feed quality variation by filling a silo without any arrangement to reduce separation. The last feed to be extracted from a silo filled in this manner showed an increasing amount of small particles and contents of crude fibre and ash, a decrease in the bulk density and also in the digestibility of nutrients and in the performance of the pigs. Filling a silo equipped with chutes by an auger or pneumatically through a cyclone did not create separation problems, and consequently there were no differences between these treatments in the production experiments. Separation measured by particle size, bulk density or chemical composition was not noticeable along the feed transport chain (Experiment III). There was no effect on performance of the pigs of their location along the chain. © 1982.
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| 3. |
- Kaspersson, A., et al.
(author)
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Microbial dynamics in barley grain stored under controlled atmosphere
- 1988
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In: Animal Feed Science and Technology. - : Elsevier BV. - 0377-8401 .- 1873-2216. ; 19:4, s. 299-312
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Barley of 2 moisture contents, 20-23% and 26-28%, was stored airtight for 2 separate seasons in 2 full-scale silos, and for 3 separate seasons in 12-16 pilot silos (1.25 m3). The microbial dynamics were studied, using colony-forming units (CFU) of microorganisms, the proportion of internally-invaded kernels and ATP content. The ATP content was a good measure of the microbial activity, which decreased after loading and was very low during the winter period. Field-associated moulds and yeasts decreased in numbers of CFU and in the amount of invaded kernels. Fusarium species survived more satisfactorily than most field fungi. The temperature rise in spring caused an increase in ATP content, as a result of extensive growth of yeast of the genera Hansenula and Candida. This activity started earlier in the high-moisture grain (March). In May, a significant increase in CFU of Penicillium was observed and, during May to July, in many silos, all kernels were invaded, mostly by P. roqueforti. In an attempt to increase the time of safe storage, some technical improvements and gaseous and liquid chemical additives were tested. Attachment of "lungs" to the silos, and addition of organic acids or gases (CO2, N2, NH3) to the grain, increased the safe storage time by one to several months. The aerobic storage stability of rolled barley taken in July from the full-scale silos was tested. The rapid deterioration following unloading limited the aerobic storage stability to a few days. © 1988.
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| 4. |
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| 5. |
- Arvidsson Segerkvist, Katarina, et al.
(author)
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Effects of conservation method on fatty acid composition of silage
- 2009
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In: Animal Feed Science and Technology. - : Elsevier BV. - 0377-8401 .- 1873-2216. ; 148, s. 241-252
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- This experiment was conducted to investigate effects of willing and additives on the fatty acid (FA) composition of grass silage. The crop used was timothy (Phelum pratense L., cv. Grindstad), and the additives were Proens (TM) (formic acid and propionic acid, 60-66 g/100 g and 25-30 g/100 g, respectively), the bacterial inoculant Silofenn (R) Plus (Pediococcus acidilactici and Lactobacillus plantarum) and water (control). The wilted material reached a dry matter (DM) content of 336 g/kg at the first cut and 350 g/kg at the second cut. Neither wilting nor the additives had any major effect on the FA proportions, with the only differences in the concentrations of C16:0 and C 18:3. Silage treated with bacterial inoculant contained a higher proportion of C16:0 (P<0.05) than silage treated with acid, and a lower (P<0.05) concentration of C 18:3 than silage treated with either of the other two additives. In the silages, there were lower (P<0.05) proportions of C:16:0, C 18:0, C 18:1 and C 18:3, and higher (.P<0.05) proportions of C 16: 1, C 19:2 and other identified FAs, than in the fresh material. A wilting process shorter than 24 h. to it DM content of 330-350 g/kg, did not have my effect on the proportions of FAs in P. pratense L., cv. Grindstad. Since the different additives and wilting strategies tested in this study did not affect the proportions of FAs in silage to a major extent, the results indicate that such it process offers a robust means to avoid losses of FAs that can occur during wilting, while retaining the positive effects of wilting, such its reduced losses of nutrients through effluents. (C) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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| 6. |
- Arvidsson Segerkvist, Katarina, et al.
(author)
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Fatty acids in forages: A comparison of different pre-treatments prior to analysis
- 2009
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In: Animal Feed Science and Technology. - : Elsevier BV. - 0377-8401 .- 1873-2216. ; 151, s. 143-152
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The objective of this study was to compare the merits of various possible pre-treatments of samples of grass prior to fatty acid (FA) analysis. Initially, samples of both first and second cuts of a timothy ley (Phleum pratense L., cv. Grindstad) were subjected to ten different pre-treatments, including freezing with liquid N, freezing at -20°C and drying in an air-forced oven, then storage for eight to nine months. Their fatty acid contents were then determined, as fatty acid methyl esters, by gas chromatography. There were no distinct between-treatment differences in the determinations of total FA concentrations for either cut. However, there were treatment differences in the measured proportions of C16:0 and C18:0 (P < 0.01) for both cuts. There were also a few small differences (P < 0.05) in the proportions of C18:3 found in samples from both cuts, but not in their proportions of either C18:1 or C18:2. In subsequent experiments, samples from the first cut frozen at -20°C or dried in an air-forced oven were subjected to further treatments to investigate the effects of grinding and freeze-drying.. Samples of a second cut of red clover (Trifolium pratense L., cv. Betty) were also included in these experiments. There were no major between-preparation differences in the acquired data on FA composition for either the grass or clover samples. Notably, grinding had no significant effects on either the FA proportions or crude fat concentrations in the grass samples, although slightly higher (P < 0.01) proportions of C18:2 were found in the clover samples, and freeze-drying affected the FA proportions to some extent. In grass, freeze-drying resulted in lower (P < 0.05) concentrations of C18:0 and C18:1 compared to freezing alone (-20°C). If samples have to be stored for prolonged periods (such as the eight to nine months in this study) before analysis, drying seems to be a better treatment than freezing at -20°C. Freezing with liquid N was not essential, at least for the examined forages, to obtain apparently reliable information on their FA profiles. Thus, the widely used method of preparing samples prior to analysis, i.e. freeze drying and grinding, appears to be satisfactory, but drying samples seems to be as good or even better in some cases for analysing FA proportions.
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| 7. |
- Bekele, Wondimagegne, et al.
(author)
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Methane production from locally available ruminant feedstuffs in Ethiopia : an in vitro study
- 2024
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In: Animal Feed Science and Technology. - 0377-8401 .- 1873-2216. ; 312
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Achieving optimal nutrient composition in locally sourced ruminant feeds is important, but can be challenging in resource-limited production systems. For example, improving the composition of available local feed resources is a key obstacle to efficiently mitigating enteric methane (CH4) emissions in ruminants. This study characterized the nutritional content and in vitro methane (CH4) yield of ruminant feedstuffs accessible in Ethiopia. A survey of 60 experienced farmers in two representative districts in Amhara region, Ethiopia, provided 33 feed samples, which were classified into four ruminant feed categories: Grasses (n=10); indigenous plants (trees, shrubs, herbaceous plants) (n=13); crop residues (n=5); and agro-industrial by-products (n=5). Nutritional composition was assessed by proximate and detergent methods. Methane yield (g CH4/kg feed dry matter (DM)) and total gas yield (L/kg DM) were evaluated using a fully automated in vitro gas production system. A colorimetric assay was conducted to measure condensed tannin content (CT, mg/g) in relevant feeds. Lower crude protein (CP) values were observed for the grass (mean 65.2 g/kg DM) and crop residues (mean 54.5 g/kg DM) categories. Agro-industrial by-products had the highest CP (mean 260 g/kg DM), while indigenous plants exhibited intermediate levels (163 g/kg DM). There was significant variation in CH4 yield (P<0.01) between grasses (12.4–24.7 g/kg DM) indigenous plants (1.8–19.3 g/kg DM), and agro-industrial by-products (8.1–26.9 g/kg DM). The indigenous plant Trifolium acaule gave the lowest in vitro CH4 yield (1.8 g/kg DM). A positive relationship was observed between in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD), CH4, and total gas yield. Percentage of CH4 in total gas production varied with feed category (grasses 14.5–19.6%; indigenous plants 3.1–16.9%; crop residues 15.8–20.6%; agro-industrial by-products 12.8–18.7%), and within category, e.g., Trifolium acaule (3.1%), Acacia nilotica L. (7.1%), Ziziphus spina-christi (9.9%), brewer's spent grains (BSG) (12.8%), local liquor (areki) residues (14.1%), and local beer (tella) residues (15.1%). A negative relationship was observed between CT content and in vitro CH4 yield, with a stronger (P<0.05) correlation for soluble CTs (R2 = 0.46) than cell-bound CTs (R2 = 0.25) and total CTs (R2 = 0.29). Based on methanogenic properties and effects of CTs on in vitro CH4 yield, indigenous plants should be prioritized in ruminant rations in Ethiopia. Making nutritional composition and CH4 data publicly available could help develop environmentally sound, cost-effective rations for ruminant livestock, benefiting local farmers and leading to more sustainable and efficient livestock production in Ethiopia.
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| 8. |
- Blaabjerg, K, et al.
(author)
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Effect of heat-treatment, phytate, xylanase and soaking time on inositol phosphate degradation in vitro in wheat, soybean meal and rapeseed cake
- 2010
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In: Animal Feed Science and Technology. - : Elsevier BV. - 0377-8401. ; 162:3-4, s. 123-134
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- An in vitro method was used to evaluate the degradation of myo-inositol hexakisphosphate (InsP6) in non-heat-treated wheat (NHW), heat-treated wheat (HW), soybean meal (SBM) or rapeseed cake (RSC) soaked separately or in combination. The feedstuffs were soaked in water (20°C) and samples were collected after 2, 4, 8 and 24h. The following hypotheses were tested: (1) phytase addition to soaked NHW or HW improves InsP6 degradation, (2) phytase and xylanase addition to soaked NHW or HW improves InsP6 degradation further compared solely with phytase, (3) phytase addition to SBM or RSC improves InsP6 degradation, and (4) soaking of SBM or RSM together with NHW (ratio 1:1) stimulates InsP6 degradation from SBM or RSC due to the activity of wheat phytases, whereby phytase addition results in no further InsP6 degradation. Additionally, degradation of lower inositol phosphates (myo-inositol pentakisphosphate-myo-inositol bisphosphate or InsP5-InsP2) was studied to verify if InsP6 degradation leads to an accumulation of InsP5-InsP2.In NHW or HW addition of phytase alone or with xylanase had no significant effect on InsP6 degradation. However, InsP6 degradation was influenced by the interaction between heat-treatment and soaking time (P≤0.001). This was mainly due to a smaller proportion of non-degraded InsP6-P at 24h in HW compared with NHW (0.13 vs. 0.47) (P≤0.001) possibly caused by structural changes imposed by the heat-treatment. In SBM, RSC, SBM/NHW or RSC/NHW, the InsP6 degradation was affected by the interaction between phytase addition and soaking time (P≤0.001) as phytase reduced the proportion of non-degraded InsP6-P at 2, 4, 8 or 24h. Soaking of NHW, SBM or RSC (without phytase) separately resulted in a limited InsP6 degradation, whereas a pronounced InsP6 degradation occurred when RSC or SBM were soaked together with NHW (without phytase) because wheat phytases degraded InsP6 in SBM or RSC. However, addition of phytase to SBM/NHW or RSC/NHW increased further the degradation of InsP6 indicating that endogenous wheat phytases were not sufficient. The formation of InsP5-InsP2-P was very small (40-180μg/kg DM) during the degradation of InsP6 indicating a rapid and almost complete degradation of these compounds.In conclusion, the effect of phytase on InsP6 degradation during soaking depends on the feedstuff and processing of the feedstuff. InsP6 degradation results in a negligible accumulation of InsP5-InsP2. Soaking of plant feedstuffs prior to feeding of pigs may improve P digestibility compared with dry feeding, but studies with pigs are required to clarify this.
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| 9. |
- Camp, Karin, et al.
(author)
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Characterization and nutrient evaluation of wet and dried wheat distillers' grain for growing pigs
- 2013
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In: Animal Feed Science and Technology. - : Elsevier BV. - 0377-8401 .- 1873-2216. ; 186, s. 45-52
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- This study comprised one wet wheat distillers' grain with solubles (WDGS) from an ethanol company and one dried wheat distillers' grain with solubles (DDGS) from a biofuel ethanol company. The WDGS was microbially and biochemically characterized, and the digestibility of dietary components, energy, amino acids, calcium and phosphorus (P) in WDGS and DDGS was determined. The pH was 3.9 in the WDGS and the acetic and lactic acid level was 6.9 and 1.5 g/l, respectively. Lactic acid bacteria remained at Log 8 colony forming units (Cfu)/g WDGS throughout the study, whereas yeast increased from Log 5 to Log 6 Cfu/g WDGS. Lactobacillus amylolyticus was the dominant lactic acid bacteria species, followed by Lactobacillus pan is and Lactobacillus buchneri. The yeast flora was completely dominated by Candida ethanolica. The experimental diets contained on dry matter (DM) basis 50% WDGS + 50% basal diet (diet W) and 50% DDGS + 50% basal diet (diet D). The basal diet consisted of maize starch, sucrose, vitamins and minerals (except P). Seven castrated male pigs with post valve t-caecum cannulas were fed the experimental diets according to a change-over design during two periods. In a pre- and post-period, casein was given as only protein source with the basal diet to estimate endogenous losses of nitrogen and amino acids, and thereby the standardized ileal digestibility (SID). The coefficients of apparent ileal digestibility (CAID) of organic matter (OM) did not differ between diets, but the coefficient of apparent total tract digestibility (CATTD) of OM was higher (P<0.05) for diet W. The CAID, CATTD and SID of crude protein was higher (P<0.05) in diet W. The SID for lysine and methionine was higher (P<0.01) in WDGS than in DOGS. The digestibility of P was higher (P<0.01) in diet D. The results indicate that a dried wheat distillers' grain product can have a lower ileal digestibility of lysine and methionine than a wet wheat distillers' grain product, although a higher digestibility of P. There seem to be little difference in energy value of the wet and dry products studied. (C) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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| 10. |
- Detmann, Edenio
(author)
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Does frequency of protein supplementation affect performance of cattle under grazing in tropical pastures?
- 2022
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In: Animal Feed Science and Technology. - : Elsevier BV. - 0377-8401 .- 1873-2216. ; 289
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Our objective was to evaluate the effects of protein supplementation frequency on performance and voluntary intake of cattle under grazing in tropical pastures by using a meta-analytical approach. The dataset used to evaluate the voluntary intake was compiled from 18 experiments carried out in Brazil between 2009 and 2021, totaling 75 treatment means. In order to evaluate the animal performance, treatment means were collected from 19 experiments carried out in Brazil between 2003 and 2018, totaling 69 treatment means. The data were analyzed using meta-analysis techniques, considering the random effect of the experiments on the model parameters. There was no effect of supplementation (P > 0.11) or supplementation frequency (P > 0.18) on forage intake and dietary digested organic matter content (DOM). On the other hand, supplementation increased (P < 0.01) total intake, dietary crude protein (CP) and CP-to-DOM dietary ratio. Supplementation enhanced (P < 0.01) average daily gain (ADG), but without any influence of supplementation frequency (P > 0.84). The ADG increased linearly (P < 0.05) as forage CP increased, but no difference was detected (P > 0.05) among supplementation frequencies. The additional weight gain (AWG) caused by supplementation decreased as forage CP increased and became null at 150 g CP/kg dry matter. There was a quadratic pattern (P < 0.01) of the AWG in response to variations in both supplement intake and supplemental CP intake, but no effect of different frequencies was detected on this variable (P > 0.05). Maximal responses occur when 5.0 g of supplement and 1.14 g of supplemental CP per kg BW were provided. Reducing protein supplementation frequency down to thrice a week does not affect voluntary intake and performance of cattle under grazing in tropical pastures. There is a positive response to protein supplementation on animal performance even with medium to high-quality forages. However, that response decreases as forage CP increases and becomes null at 150 CP/kg dry matter.
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