| 1. |
- Viklund, Peter, et al.
(författare)
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Corrosion of superheater materials in a waste-to-energy plant
- 2013
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Ingår i: Fuel processing technology. - : Elsevier BV. - 0378-3820 .- 1873-7188. ; 105:SI, s. 106-112
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A major drawback when generating electricity from waste-fired boilers is the rapid corrosion of critical components such as superheater tubes. In this work a number of commonly-used superheater materials have been exposed on internally cooled probes in a waste-fired grate boiler. The investigated materials are the ferritic steel 13CrMo44, the ferritic-martensitic steel HCM12A, the austenitic steels Super 304, 317L and Sanicro 28, and the nickel-base alloys Hastelloy C-2000 and Inconel 625. Short-term exposures (3 h) for analysis of deposit composition and initial corrosion, as well as long-term exposures (1550 h) to investigate corrosion rates and corrosion characteristics have been made. Analysis revealed a deposit dominated by CaSO4, KCl and NaCl, but also appreciable amounts of low melting salt mixtures such as ZnCl2-KCl, PbCl2-KCl, FeCl2-KCl and NaCl-NiCl2. Metal loss measurements showed unacceptably high corrosion rates for 13CrMo44, HCM12A and Super 304. The corrosion attack for these alloys was manifested by the formation of mixed metal chloride/metal oxide scales. A different type of behaviour was seen for the higher alloyed austenitic steels and nickel-base alloys, which were able to form a chromium-enriched oxide next to the metal. However, these alloys suffered from some localised pitting attack. The behaviour is explained by oxide dissolution in the molten salts that are present in the deposit.
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| 2. |
- Minkova, V., et al.
(författare)
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Effect of water vapour and biomass nature on the yield and quality of the pyrolysis products from biomass
- 2001
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Ingår i: Fuel processing technology. - 0378-3820 .- 1873-7188. ; 70:1, s. 53-61
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Slow pyrolysis/activation of biomass in a flow of steam is studied in laboratory equipment supplied with a fixed bed reactor. Forestry and agricultural residues of different origin are selected as raw materials (birch wood, olive stones, bagasse, pelletised straw and miscanthus). The final pyrolysis temperature is varied in the range 700-800 degreesC and the duration of the activation is 1 or 2 h. The effect of both the nature of the investigated biomass samples and the presence of water vapour on the quality of the pyrolysis products is in the focus of interest of this work. Column chromatography is used to characterize the liquid products. The surface area and the acid-base neutralization capacity of the solid products are determined by the adsorption capacity towards iodine and reactions with EtONa and HCl. The results are compared with those obtained in pyrolysis in inert atmosphere of nitrogen. It is shown that the presence of steam has strong effect on the yield and properties of the products. Significant part of the liquid product is found dissolved in the water phase obtained after condensation of the volatiles. The solid products obtained in the presence of steam have the properties of activated carbons.
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| 3. |
- Minkova, V., et al.
(författare)
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Thermochemical treatment of biomass in a flow of steam or in a mixture of steam and carbon dioxide
- 2000
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Ingår i: Fuel processing technology. - 0378-3820 .- 1873-7188. ; 62:1, s. 45-52
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Simultaneous pyrolysis and gasification of biomass samples of different origin is performed in a flow of steam or in a mixture of steam and carbon dioxide. Wastes from birch wood, olive stones, bagasse, and pellets from straw and Miscanthus are used as feedstock. The raw materials are heated with 10 degrees C/min to 750 degrees C at atmospheric pressure and kept for a period of 2 h at this temperature, Laboratory experimental equipment with a horizontal rotating stainless steel reactor is used. The oxygen-containing functional groups in the solid products (-COOH, =CO and -OH) are determined using the method of Boehm. The results are compared with those obtained in treatment in inert atmosphere as well as with those obtained in a stationary reactor. The rotating pyrolysis reactor seems suitable for production of energy-rich gaseous products and activated carbons.
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| 4. |
- Agar, David, et al.
(författare)
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A systematic study of ring-die pellet production from forest and agricultural biomass
- 2018
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Ingår i: Fuel Processing Technology. - : Elsevier BV. - 0378-3820 .- 1873-7188. ; 180, s. 47-55
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Continuous global growth in the pellet production industry and renewable energy policy targets have driven interest in under-utilised lignocellulosic biomass. In this comprehensive study, pelleting trials were systematically carried out using a pilot-scale ring-die pellet press with eight different biomass feedstock; logging residues, pine bark, wheat straw, reed canary grass, coppiced willow, poplar and beech. A standard spruce/pine sawdust blend was pelleted as a reference material.Pellets were produced from feedstock at four different moisture content levels, through two press channel lengths and three replicate steady-state sampling periods. A total of 192 batches of 8 mm diameter pellets were produced within a press channel length and moisture content range of 30-60 mm and 9-17% respectively. Pellet production had a range of 141-206 kg h(-1) and relatively good pellet quality was achieved for a majority of the studied feedstock. The best pellet batches had a mechanical durability and bulk density range of 91-99% and 532-714 kg m(-3) respectively, corresponding to an energy density range of 8.3-12.5 GJ m(-3) (as received). The extruded pellet temperature ranged between 99 and 131 degrees C and was correlated to pellet bulk density for hardwoods, pine bark and forest residues. The normalised energy (reference value of 1) used in pelleting all materials varied between 0.76 and 1.3 being highest for the hardwoods and lowest for straw and forest residues.
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| 5. |
- Ahmadi Moghaddam, Elham, et al.
(författare)
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Energy balance and global warming potential of biogas-based fuels from a life cycle perspective
- 2015
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Ingår i: Fuel Processing Technology. - : Elsevier BV. - 0378-3820 .- 1873-7188. ; 132, s. 74-82
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Biogas is a multifunctional energy carrier currently used for co-generation or compressed biomethane as vehicle fuel. Gas-to-liquid (GTL) technology enables conversion of biogas into other energy carriers with higher energy density, facilitating fuel distribution. The energy efficiency and global warming potential (GWP) for conversion of biogas to compressed biogas (CBG), liquefied biogas (LBG), Fischer–Tropsch diesel (FTD), methanol and dimethyl ether (DME) were studied in a life cycle perspective covering the technical system from raw biogas to use in city buses. CBG, methanol and DME showed the best specific fuel productivity. However, when fuel distribution distances were longer, DME, LBG and methanol showed the best energy balance. Methanol, FTD and DME emitted half the GWP of LBG and CBG. Choice of electricity mix had a large impact on GWP performance. Overall, taking into account the different impact categories, combustion properties and fuel yield from raw biogas, DME showed the best performance of the fuel conversion scenarios assessed.
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| 6. |
- Alevanau, Aliaksandr, et al.
(författare)
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Parameters of high temperature steam gasification of original and pulverised wood pellets
- 2011
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Ingår i: Fuel processing technology. - : Elsevier BV. - 0378-3820 .- 1873-7188. ; 92:10, s. 2068-2074
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Experiments on gasification of chars obtained from original and pulverised wood pellets were conducted in atmosphere of water steam and nitrogen under temperatures of 800, 900 and 950 degrees C. Molar flow rates of carbon containing product gases were measured and approximated using different models with respect to extents of carbon conversion in char of the pellets. Comparison of the random pore, grain and volumetric models revealed the best applicability for approximations of the random pore model. Apparent activation energies obtained as a result of application of the models to the data from experiments with char of original pellets were higher in comparison to those of pulverised pellets, except for a grain model. Approximations under 800 degrees C showed relatively big deviations from experimental data on the beginning of char gasification. This is attributed to catalytic effects from alkali metals in the pellets.
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| 7. |
- Alevanau, Aliaksandr, et al.
(författare)
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Study of the effects of gaseous micro-expansion on the efficiency of convective heat transfer during pyrolysis
- 2013
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Ingår i: Fuel processing technology. - : Elsevier BV. - 0378-3820 .- 1873-7188. ; 106, s. 253-261
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Measurements of temperature in the proximity of wood pellets (8 mm diameter) and thin wooden stick slices (5 cm diameter and 5 mm thickness) were conducted to estimate the effects of mixing between the evolving volatiles and hot steam (T > 700°C) flowing around the particles. Measurements of mass loss of the slices were conducted to estimate the apparent kinetic parameters of their pyrolysis. A simple kinetic model of the process (type II by Pyle and Zaror (1984) [20]) was investigated. The experiments showed a plateau-like part in the graphs of temperature measured in the proximity to the samples. The existence of this plateau-like part agrees with the general data of calorimetric measurements of pyrolysis, which show extensive energy consumption in the beginning of an active production of volatiles. A hypothesis regarding feedback on the process due to the micro-expansion and mixing of volatiles in the convective boundary layer is discussed.
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| 8. |
- Alipour, Yousef, et al.
(författare)
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The effect of co-firing sewage sludge with used wood on the corrosion of an FeCrAl alloy and a nickel-based alloy in the furnace region
- 2015
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Ingår i: Fuel processing technology. - : Elsevier. - 0378-3820 .- 1873-7188. ; 138, s. 805-813
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The effect of digested sewage sludge as a fuel additive to reduce corrosion of furnace walls has been studied. The nickel base alloy Alloy 625 and the iron-chromium-aluminium alloy Kanthal APMT™ were exposed for 14.25. h at the furnace wall in a power boiler burning 100% used (also known as waste or recycled) wood. The test was then repeated with the addition of sewage sludge to the waste wood. The samples were chemically analysed and thermodynamically modelled and the corrosion mechanisms were investigated. The results showed that the co-firing of sewage sludge with recycled wood leads to a reduction in the corrosion. Attack by a potassium-lead combination appeared to be the main corrosion mechanism in Alloy 625 during waste wood combustion, while attack by alkali chloride was found to be dominant in APMT alloy.
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| 9. |
- Andersson, Viktor, 1983, et al.
(författare)
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Alkali interactions with a calcium manganite oxygen carrier used in chemical looping combustion
- 2022
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Ingår i: Fuel Processing Technology. - : Elsevier BV. - 0378-3820 .- 1873-7188. ; 227
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Chemical-Looping Combustion (CLC) of biofuels is a promising technology for cost-efficient CO2 separation and can lead to negative CO2 emissions when combined with carbon capture and storage. A potential challenge in developing CLC technology is the effects of alkali metal-containing compounds released during fuel conversion. This study investigates the interactions between alkali and an oxygen carrier (OC), CaMn0.775Ti0.125Mg0.1O3-δ, to better understand the fate of alkali in CLC. A laboratory-scale fluidized bed reactor is operated at 800–900 °C in oxidizing, reducing and inert atmospheres to mimic CLC conditions. Alkali is fed to the reactor as aerosol KCl particles, and alkali in the exhaust is measured online with a surface ionization detector. The alkali concentration changes with gas environment, temperature, and alkali loading, and the concentration profile has excellent reproducibility over repeated redox cycles. Alkali-OC interactions are dominated by alkali uptake under most conditions, except for a release during OC reduction. Uptake is significant during stable reducing conditions, and is limited under oxidizing conditions. The total uptake during a redox cycle is favored by a high alkali loading, while the influence of temperature is weak. The implications for the understanding of alkali behavior in CLC and further development are discussed.
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| 10. |
- Andersson, Viktor, 1983, et al.
(författare)
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Alkali-wall interactions in a laboratory-scale reactor for chemical looping combustion studies
- 2021
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Ingår i: Fuel Processing Technology. - : Elsevier BV. - 0378-3820 .- 1873-7188. ; 217
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Alkali metal-containing compounds are readily released during thermal conversion of solid fuels, and may have both detrimental and beneficial effects on chemical looping combustion. Here, we characterize alkali interactions with the inner walls of a laboratory-scale reactor under oxidizing, reducing and inert conditions at temperatures up to 900 °C. KCl aerosol particles are continuously introduced to the stainless steel reactor and the alkali concentration is measured on-line with a surface ionization detector. Aerosol particles evaporate at temperatures above 500 °C and KCl molecules rapidly diffuse to the reactor wall. Up to 92% of the alkali reaching the wall below 700 °C remains adsorbed, while re-evaporation is important at higher temperatures, where up to 74% remains adsorbed. Transient changes in alkali concentration are observed during repeated redox cycles, which are associated with changes in chemical composition of the wall material. Metal oxides on the reactor wall are partially depleted under reducing conditions, which allow for the formation of a new potassium-rich phase that is stable in a reducing atmosphere, but not under inert conditions. The observed wall effects are concluded to be extensive and include major transient effects depending on gas composition, and the implications for laboratory studies and improved experimental methodology are discussed.
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