| 1. |
- Assey, Vincent D., et al.
(författare)
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Iodine deficiency persists in the Zanzibar Islands of Tanzania
- 2006
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Ingår i: Food and Nutrition Bulletin. - : SAGE Publications. - 0379-5721 .- 1564-8265. ; 27:4, s. 292-299
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background. Iodine is an essential micronutrient for normal human growth and development. It is estimated that more than 1.6 billion people live in iodine-deficient environments, yet there are still some countries and areas where the prevalence of iodine-deficiency disorders is unknown. Objective. To establish the prevalence of iodine-deficiency disorders in the Zanzibar Islands, a community assumed to have ready access to iodine-rich seafoods. Methods. In a cross-sectional study, 11, 967 schoolchildren were Palpated for goiter prevalence, a subsample was evaluated for urinary iodine concentration, and the availability of iodated salt was assessed at the household and retail levels. Results. The mean total goiter prevalence was 21.3% for Unguja and 32.0% for Pemba. The overall median urinary iodine concentration was 127.5 ug/L. For Unguja the median was 185.7 mu g/L, a higher value than the median of 53.4 mu g/L for Pemba (p <.01). The household availability of iodated salt was 63.5% in Unguja and 1.0% in Pemba. The community was not aware of the iodine-deficiency problem and had never heard of iodated salt. Conclusions. The inadequate intake of iodine documented in the Zanzibar Islands belies the common assumption that an island population with access to seafood is not at risk for iodine-deficiency disorders. We urge health planners to implement mandatory salt iodation and education efforts to alleviate the situation.
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| 2. |
- Carvalho, Irene, et al.
(författare)
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From diets to foods: Using linear programming to formulate a nutritious, minimum-cost porridge mix for children aged 1 to 2 years
- 2015
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Ingår i: Food and Nutrition Bulletin. - : SAGE Publications. - 0379-5721 .- 1564-8265. ; 36:1, s. 75-85
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background. Linear programming has been used extensively as a tool for nutritional recommendations. Extending the methodology to food formulation presents new challenges, since not all combinations of nutritious ingredients will produce an acceptable food. Furthermore, it would help in implementation and in ensuring the feasibility of the suggested recommendations. Objective. To extend the previously used linear programming methodology from diet optimization to food formulation using consistency constraints. In addition, to exemplify usability using the case of a porridge mix formulation for emergency situations in rural Mozambique. Methods. The linear programming method was extended with a consistency constraint based on previously published empirical studies on swelling of starch in soft porridges. The new method was exemplified using the formulation of a nutritious, minimum-cost porridge mix for children aged 1 to 2 years for use as a complete relief food, based primarily on local ingredients, in rural Mozambique. Results. A nutritious porridge fulfilling the consistency constraints was found; however, the minimum cost was unfeasible with local ingredients only. This illustrates the challenges in formulating nutritious yet economically feasible foods from local ingredients. The high cost was caused by the high cost of mineral-rich foods. A nutritious, low-cost porridge that fulfills the consistency constraints was obtained by including supplements of zinc and calcium salts as ingredients. Conclusions. The optimizations were successful in fulfilling all constraints and provided a feasible porridge, showing that the extended constrained linear programming methodology provides a systematic tool for designing nutritious foods.
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| 3. |
- De Carvalho, Irene Stuart Torrié, et al.
(författare)
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From diets to foods : using linear programming to formulate a nutritious, minimum-cost porridge mix for children aged 1 to 2 years
- 2015
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Ingår i: Food and Nutrition Bulletin. - 0379-5721 .- 1564-8265. ; 36:1, s. 75-86
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background. Linear programming has been used extensively as a tool for nutritional recommendations. Extending the methodology to food formulation presents new challenges, since not all combinations of nutritious ingredients will produce an acceptable food. Furthermore, it would help in implementation and in ensuring the feasibility of the suggested recommendations.Objective. To extend the previously used linear programming methodology from diet optimization to food formulation using consistency constraints. In addition, to exemplify usability using the case of a porridge mix formulation for emergency situations in rural Mozambique.Methods. The linear programming method was extended with a consistency constraint based on previously published empirical studies on swelling of starch in soft porridges. The new method was exemplified using the formulation of a nutritious, minimum-cost porridge mix for children aged 1 to 2 years for use as a complete relief food, based primarily on local ingredients, in rural Mozambique.Results. A nutritious porridge fulfilling the consistency constraints was found; however, the minimum cost was unfeasible with local ingredients only. This illustrates the challenges in formulating nutritious yet economically feasible foods from local ingredients. The high cost was caused by the high cost of mineral-rich foods. A nutritious, low-cost porridge that fulfills the consistency constraints was obtained by including supplements of zinc and calcium salts as ingredients.Conclusions. The optimizations were successful in fulfilling all constraints and provided a feasible porridge, showing that the extended constrained linear programming methodology provides a systematic tool for designing nutritious foods.
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| 4. |
- Hartini, TNS, et al.
(författare)
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Food pattern during economic crisis among pregnant women in Purworejo District, Central Java, Indonesia.
- 2003
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Ingår i: Food and Nutrition Bulletin. - 0379-5721 .- 1564-8265. ; 24:3, s. 256-267
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A cross-sectional study was conducted between 1996 and 1998. Six 24-hour recalls were performed during the second trimester of pregnancy among 450 women in Purworejo District, Central Java, Indonesia. The objectives of the study were to assess the food intake and food pattern among pregnant women before and during the economic crisis. Before the crisis, rich women had the highest intakes of animal foods, fats and oils, and sugar. Food intake among the urban poor and the rural landless poor subgroups was influenced by the emerging economic crisis. Although the price of rice increased, the intake of rice also increased among all subgroups. Rural poor women with access to rice fields increased their intake of rice and decreased their intake of nonrice staple foods (p < .05). There were significant decreases in the consumption of chicken by rich women and rural poor women with access to rice fields (p < .05). Rice was a strongly inferior good and remained an important supplier of energy, protein, and carbohydrate. Nuts and pulses were important suppliers of calcium and iron, and vegetables were an important supplier of vitamin A. Rich women increased their intake of nuts and pulses, vegetables, fats and oils, and sugar when their intake of rice increased (p < .05). The food patterns were based on rice, nuts and pulses, and vegetables, i.e., plant food. All but the rich women decreased their intake of nutritious foods such as meat, chicken, and fruits. The intake of nuts and pulses and of vegetables increased, whereas the intake of cooking oil and sugar remained constant.
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| 5. |
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| 6. |
- Löf, Marie, 1971-, et al.
(författare)
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Assessing physical activity of women of childbearing age. Ongoing work to develop and evaluate simple methods
- 2002
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Ingår i: Food and Nutrition Bulletin. - 0379-5721 .- 1564-8265. ; 23:3 SUPP, s. 30-33
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Simple methods were developed and evaluated to assess total energy expenditure in 24 healthy, Swedish women planning pregnancy. Total energy expenditure was measured by the doubly-labeled water method (reference method) and three simple methods: heart rate recording, movement registration by an accelerometer, and a questionnaire. Mean total energy expenditure obtained by the four methods varied between 2,530 kcal per 24 hours (10,570 kJ/24 hours) and 2,730 kcal per 24 hours (11,420 kJ/24 hours). No significant difference between the results obtained by the different methods was found. The mean difference between the simple method and the reference method was for the questionnaire 204 +/- 508 kcal per 24 hours (853 +/- 2,124 kJ/24 hours), for the heart rate recorder 58 +/- 338 kcal per 24 hours (241 +/- 1,416 kJ/24 hours) and for the accelerometer 6 +/- 325 kcal per 24 hours (25 +/- 1,360 kJ/24 hours). The heart rate recorder and the questionnaire overestimated high and underestimated low energy expenditures. The accelerometer and the heart rate recorder were able to assess mean total energy expenditure of groups. No systematic bias was found when the accelerometer was used.
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| 7. |
- Machado, MMT, et al.
(författare)
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A community perspective on changes in health related to diarrhea in northeastern Brazil
- 2011
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Ingår i: Food and nutrition bulletin. - : SAGE Publications. - 0379-5721 .- 1564-8265. ; 32:2, s. 103-111
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Diarrhea is a major cause of death in children in developing countries. However, in Brazil, diarrhea-related morbidity and mortality have declined over the past decades. Objective To explore community perspectives in Brazil on changes in health related to diarrhea and factors that may have contributed to these changes. Methods This qualitative study included 12 focus group sessions held with 50 mothers and 42 grandmothers in the state of Ceará. Results Most grandmothers reported having lost at least one child to diarrhea, and all participants had witnessed children dying from diarrhea in the past. The participants saw a clear decline in diarrhea over the past 20 years. They felt that this was due to social, economic, and cultural progress. The participants also considered government-supported outreach programs very important for health improvement. Conclusions Knowledge of diarrhea and its causes in the community is broad, but many traditional beliefs about the illness still prevail. The Brazilian experience is an example of the critical effect that policies to promote income redistribution and universal access to education, health, water supply, and sanitation services may have on the reduction of undernutrition and diarrhea among children.
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| 8. |
- Massad, Salwa, et al.
(författare)
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Double Burden of Undernutrition and Obesity in Palestinian Schoolchildren : A Cross-Sectional Study
- 2016
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Ingår i: Food and Nutrition Bulletin. - : SAGE Publications. - 0379-5721 .- 1564-8265. ; 37:2, s. 144-152
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: The coexistence of underweight and overweight (double burden) remains a major problem in many developing countries. Little is known about the factors associated with the double burden of malnutrition in Palestinian children.Objective: To assess factors associated with undernutrition and overnutrition in 1500 schoolchildren aged 5 to 16 years, in the West Bank.Methods: We surveyed a sample of 22 schools run by the United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East (UNRWA) and the Palestinian government. Binary logistic regression was used to examine the factors associated with malnutrition. The hunger index, a composite score from 8 questions, was used to measure food insecurity.Results: In the 1484 children enrolled in UNRWA and government schools in the West Bank, the prevalence of stunting was 7% and underweight 3%. Around 12% of students were overweight and 6% obese. The hunger index was negatively associated with height for age. Factors associated with being underweight were male sex, mother being unemployed, and households not having enough food to eat for at least 2 days in the previous month. Factors associated with obesity were older age and time spent watching television. When overweight and obesity were combined in the analysis, they were inversely associated with increasing number of days spent playing sports.Conclusion: Our results show that the important nutritional risks for school-age children in the West Bank would seem to be the simultaneous occurrence of undernutrition and obesity. The study highlights the need to balance obesity management and prevention with interventions to tackle undernutrition.
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