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- Agardh, Carl-David, et al.
(författare)
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Free radical production and ischemic brain damage: influence of postischemic oxygen tension
- 1991
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Ingår i: International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience. - : Wiley. - 1873-474X .- 0736-5748. ; 9:2, s. 127-138
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- It is now becoming increasingly clear that free radicals contribute to brain damage in several conditions, such as hyperoxia and trauma. It has been more difficult to prove that free radical production mediates ischemic brain damage, but it has often been suggested that it may be a major contributor to reperfusion damage, observed following transient ischemia. Recent results demonstrate that cerebral ischemia of long duration, particularly when followed by reperfusion, leads to enhanced production of partially reduced oxygen species, notably hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). It has also been suggested that postischemic hyperoxia, e.g. an increased oxygen tension during the recirculation period, adversely affects recovery following transient ischemia. Other data support the notion that brain damage caused by permanent ischemia (stroke) is significantly influenced by production of free radicals. The present study, however, fails to show that recirculation following brief periods of ischemia (15 min) leads to an enhanced H2O2 production, and that hyperoxia aggravates the ischemic damage. This study was undertaken to reveal whether variations in oxygen supply in the postischemic period following forebrain ischemia in rats affect free radical production and the brain damage incurred. To that end, rats ventilated on N2O/O2 (70:30) were subjected to 15 min of transient ischemia. Normoxic animals were ventilated with the N2O/O2 mixture, hyperoxic animals with 100% O2, and hypoxic ones with about 10% O2 (balance either N2O/N2 or N2) during the recirculation. At the end of this period, the animals were decapitated for assessment of H2O2 production with the aminotriazole/catalase method. This method is based on the notion that aminotriazole interacts with H2O2 to inactivate catalase; thus, the rate of inactivation of catalase in aminotriazole treated animals reflects H2O2 production. In a parallel series, animals ventilated with one of the three gas mixtures in the early recirculation period, respectively, were allowed to recover for 7 days, with subsequent perfusion-fixation of brain tissues and light microscopical evaluation of the brain damage. Animals given aminotriazole, whether rendered ischemic or not, showed a reduced tissue catalase activity, reflecting H2O2 production in the brain. Hyperoxic animals failed to show increased tissue H2O2 production, while hypoxic ones showed a tendency towards decreased production. However, all three groups (hypo, normo- and hyperoxic) had similar density and distribution of neuronal damage. These results suggest that although postischemic oxygen tensions may determine the rates of H2O2 production, variations in oxygen tensions do not influence the final brain damage incurred. In conclusion, there was thus no indication that variations in the postischemic oxygen supply altered production of free radicals, or modulated the damage incurred as a result of the ischemia. We conclude that free radical production may not be an important factor in the pathogenesis of brain damage following brief periods of ischemia, but may represent an important modulator following longer periods of ischemia, when a vascular component becomes an important factor in the pathological events.
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- af Bjerkén, Sara, et al.
(författare)
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Inhibition of astrocytes promotes long-distance growing nerve fibers in ventral mesencephalic cultures
- 2008
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Ingår i: International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience. - : Wiley. - 0736-5748 .- 1873-474X. ; 26:7, s. 683-691
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Tyrosine hydroxylase-positive nerve fiber formation occurs in two diverse morphological patterns in rat fetal ventral mesencephalic slice cultures; one is non-glial-associated and the other is glial-associated. The aim of this study was to characterize the non-glial-associated nerve fibers and its relation to migration of astrocytes. Organotypic slice cultures were prepared from embryonic days 12, 14, and 18 rat fetuses and maintained for 5, 7 or 14 days in vitro. Inhibition of cell proliferation using cytosine beta-D-arabinofuranoside was conducted in embryonic day 14 ventral mesencephalic cultures. The treatment impaired astrocytic migration at 7 and 14 days in vitro. The reduced migration of astrocytes exerted a negative effect on the glial-associated tyrosine hydroxylase-positive nerve fibers, reducing the outgrowth from the tissue slice. The non-glial-associated outgrowth was, however, positively affected by reduced astrocytic migration, reaching distances around 3mm in 2 weeks, and remained for longer time in culture. Co-cultures of fetal ventral mesencephalon and frontal cortex revealed the cortex as a target for the non-glial-associated tyrosine hydroxylase-positive outgrowth. The age of the fetal tissue at plating affected the astrocytes such that older tissue increased the length of astrocyte migration. Younger tissue at plating promoted the presence of non-glial-associated outgrowth and long radial-glia-like processes, while older tissue promoted migration of neurons instead of formation of nerve fiber network. In conclusion, inhibition of astrocytic proliferation promotes the persistence of long-distance growing tyrosine hydroxylase-positive nerve fibers in ventral mesencephalic slices cultures. Furthermore, the long-distance growing nerve fibers target the frontal cortex and are absent in cultures derived from older tissue.
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