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- Falkenström, Fredrik, et al.
(författare)
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Reflective Functioning, Affect Consciousness, and Mindfulness : Are These Different Functions?
- 2014
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Ingår i: Psychoanalytic psychology. - : American Psychological Association (APA). - 0736-9735 .- 1939-1331. ; 31:1, s. 26-40
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Concepts of mentalization, affect consciousness, and mindfulness have been increasingly emphasized as crucial in psychotherapy of diverse orientations. Different measures have been developed that purportedly measure these concepts, but little is known about their interrelationships. We discuss conceptual overlaps and distinctions between these three concepts, and present results from a preliminary empirical study comparing their measures. To study the relationships between these concepts, data from a group of psychotherapy students (N = 46) was used. Mentalization operationalized as Reflective Functioning (RF) was rated on transcripts of a brief version of the Adult Attachment Interview; the Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire (FFMQ) was used to measure mindfulness; and the Affect Consciousness Interview-Self/Other version (ACI-S/O) to measure affect consciousness. There was a small but statistically significant relationship between RF and FFMQ, but surprisingly no relationship between AC-S/O and RF or FFMQ. A post hoc analysis showed a relationship between consciousness of others' affects and a reduced version of the RF scale. Results confirm that mentalization and mindfulness share some common variance, but contrary to expectations, affect consciousness seems to be more different from RF and mindfulness than expected. A possible explanation for the counterintuitive finding of no relationship between RF and affect consciousness is that the high end of the affect consciousness scale measures a mature capacity for mentalized affectivity, while RF is largely a buffer against trauma and adversity. Low or absent findings for the FFMQ are explained more in terms of different methods variance.
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- Levander, Sonja, et al.
(författare)
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Personality-related responses to the psychoanalytic process : A systematic multicase study
- 2012
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Ingår i: Psychoanalytic psychology. - : American Psychological Association (APA). - 0736-9735 .- 1939-1331. ; 29:1, s. 1-16
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Seven analysands and their analysts were repeatedly interviewed at the beginning, during, and after the analysis about the analysands' problems and helpful and hindering factors in the analytic process. Using the analysands' initial descriptions of their problems, the authors categorized them as anaclitic or introjective according to Blatt's personality model. The hypothesis was that they would differ as to experiences of the analytic work. The introjective group expected improved emotional control and ability to regulate interpersonal distance in addition to better understanding the roots of their problems. The anaclitic group believed that the analyst's strength and empathy would help them handle their need for support and love. The introjective group saw their own problems as the main hindrance in analysis but also directed critique to the analyst as a person. Their analysts experienced that the analysands wanted to do the work by themselves and were difficult to engage in the analytic process. The analysands in the anaclitic group were more occupied by hindrances in the psychoanalytic frame and attitude. Their analysts, on the other hand, sometimes found the work difficult and frustrating. The authors underline the importance of being aware of personality differences in analysands' response to specific dimensions of the analytic process.
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- Liljenfors, Rikard, et al.
(författare)
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Mentalization and intersubjectivity. Towards a theoretical integration
- 2015
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Ingår i: Psychoanalytic Psychology. - : American Psychological Association (APA). - 0736-9735 .- 1939-1331. ; 32:1, s. 36-60
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The introduction of the concept of mentalization in psychological science by Fonagy and his associates has opened up new perspectives for the understanding of psychopathology, psychotherapy and child development. The present study reviews the theory of mentalization, with a focus on its four dimensions (cognitive/affective, implicit/explicit, self/other, and external/internal), and some unclear points and unresolved issues are identified. Mentalization theory is then contrasted with the theory of primary intersubjectivity, which is often seen as an incompatible approach to the development of social understanding. It is argued that this theory, at least in one of its interpretations, is not only compatible with mentalization theory, but may also possibly contribute to the resolution of some problems in mentalization theory. More specifically, it is argued that mentalization originally develops in the context of primary intersubjectivity, and that primary intersubjectivity is a basic prerequisite for the development of mentalization; but also that there is a considerable overlap between the concepts of primary intersubjectivity and those of implicit and externally focused mentalization.
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- Möller, Clara, et al.
(författare)
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Mentalizing in Young Offenders
- 2014
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Ingår i: Psychoanalytic psychology. - : American Psychological Association (APA). - 0736-9735 .- 1939-1331. ; 31:1, s. 84-99
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In order to prevent relapse into criminality, it is important to understand what precedes criminal behavior. Two earlier studies found deficits in mentalizing ability to be related to violent and criminal actions. Mentalizing refers to the ability to make human behavior predictable and meaningful by inferring mental states (thoughts, feelings, etc.) as explaining behavior. In this study, mentalizing ability was assessed by rating 42 Adult Attachment Interviews with young male offenders with the Reflective Functioning (RF) scale. In addition, specific mentalizing ability about their crimes was assessed, as well as psychopathy traits (Psychopathy Checklist, Screening Version [PCL: SV]) and alexithymia (Toronto Alexithymia Scale [TAS]). Results suggest impaired mentalizing in criminal offenders. Examples of anti- and prementalizing reasoning about crimes are presented. RF scores were not correlated with the PCL:SV or TAS.
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- Philips, Björn, et al.
(författare)
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Early therapeutic process related to dropout in mentalization-based treatment with dual diagnosis patients
- 2018
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Ingår i: Psychoanalytic psychology. - : American Psychological Association (APA). - 0736-9735 .- 1939-1331. ; 35:2, s. 205-216
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Negative therapeutic reaction was first described by Freud, and theories about this phenomenon have focused on various patient factors, for example, unconscious guilt, narcissistic pride, and overwhelming feelings of shame, as well as devaluation of the therapist as a defense against envy. Different strategies to counteract negative therapeutic reactions in patients with severe personality disorder have been proposed. Bateman and Fonagy suggested that some psychoanalytic techniques are iatrogenic for patients with borderline personality disorder and, thus, the therapeutic method must be modified. One manifestation of negative therapeutic reaction is that patients discontinue therapy prematurely. The aim of this study was to explore the differences in the early therapeutic process between therapy dropouts and therapy completers in mentalization-based treatment (MBT) for patients with concurrent borderline personality disorder (BPD) and substance use disorder (SUD). The first 2 videotaped therapy sessions from 6 MBT therapies were selected—3 therapies that were completed and 3 therapies that were prematurely discontinued by the patient. The therapy process was analyzed using the Psychotherapy Process Q set (PQS). Lists of the most frequent and least frequent PQS items among therapy completers versus dropouts are presented. In comparing the sessions from therapy completers and dropouts, significant differences in frequencies were detected for 13 PQS items. These items included therapist and patient activities, as well as features of the therapeutic interaction. Continuation in therapy seems to be related to therapists’ general skills and adherence to MBT, as well as patients bringing up significant material and not being distant.
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- Werbart, Andrzej, et al.
(författare)
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Changes in the representations of mother and father among young adults in psychoanalytic psychotherapy
- 2011
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Ingår i: Psychoanalytic psychology. - : American Psychological Association (APA). - 0736-9735 .- 1939-1331. ; 28:1, s. 95-116
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The present study explores the changes in young adult patients’ representations of their parents from prior to psychotherapy through long-term follow-up. Twenty-five women and 16 men from the Young Adult Psychotherapy Project (YAPP) were interviewed according to Sidney Blatt’s unstructured Object Relations Inventory prior to psychoanalytic psychotherapy, at termination and at the 1.5-year follow-up, comprising 123 interviews in all. Typologies of the 246 parental descriptions were constructed by means of ideal-type analysis for male and female patients separately, and for representations of mother and father separately. The analysis resulted in 5 to 7 ideal types of mother and father representations. Prior to psychotherapy, women’s representations of their fathers and men’s representations of their mothers seemed most problematic. As to the content, the most common descriptions of the parent were the emotionally or physically absent parent, and the parent with his or her own problems. In most cases, the descriptions of the parent changed over time in terms of belonging to different ideal-type clusters. There were important improvements in the quality of the descriptions, and the changes continued after termination of psychotherapy. However, most of the parental representations were negative in all three interviews. The possible explanations of these findings are discussed.
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