| 1. |
- Connell, H., et al.
(författare)
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Bacterial attachment to uro-epithelial cells : mechanisms and consequences.
- 1997
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Ingår i: Advances in dental research. - : SAGE Publications. - 0895-9374 .- 1544-0737. ; 11:1, s. 50-58
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Microbial attachment to mucosal surfaces is a first step in mucosal infection. Specific interactions between microbial surface ligands and host receptors influence the distribution of microbes in their sites of infection. Adhesion has often been regarded as a sufficient end point, explaining tissue tropism and bacterial persistence at mucosal sites. Adherence, however, is also a virulence factor through which microbes gain access to host tissues, upset the integrity of the mucosal barrier, and cause disease. The induction of mucosal inflammation is one aspect of this process. Bacterial attachment to mucosal surfaces activates the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines that cause both local and systemic inflammation. Epithelial cells are one source of these cytokines. The binding of fimbrial lectins to epithelial cell receptors triggers transmembrane signaling events that upregulate cytokine-specific mRNA and increase cytokine secretion. P fimbriae that bind the globoseries of glycolipids cause the release of ceramides and activation of the ceramide signaling pathway which contributes to the IL-6 response. Spread of cytokines and other pro-inflammatory mediators from the local site contributes to the symptoms and signs of infection.
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| 2. |
- Mejàre, Ingegerd
(författare)
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Current Guidance for Fluoride Intake : Is It Appropriate?
- 2018
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Ingår i: Advances in Dental Research. - : Sage Publications. - 0895-9374 .- 1544-0737. ; 29:2, s. 167-176
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The purpose of this report is to examine critically the appropriateness of the current guidance for fluoride intake in the population (0.05-0.07 mg F/kg bodyweight/d), consider whether changes to the current guidance are desirable, and suggest further research that will strengthen the evidence base for future decisions on guidance/advice in this area. The benefits and the risks of using fluoride particularly concern preschool children because it is at this age that excessive fluoride intake may result in dental fluorosis. Data from mostly cross-sectional studies show a wide variation in exposure and a considerable variation in the amount of fluoride ingested. Fluorosis, mostly mild, is commonly observed. For considering changes in current guidance, there is a need for more knowledge on the relationship between exposure to fluoride at an early age and the development of fluorosis. For that, prospective epidemiological studies with sufficiently large and representative samples of children are required. It is also important to study children in communities both with and without water fluoridation and to include populations where salt or milk fluoridation is used. There is also a need for professional agreement on acceptable levels of mild and moderate/severe fluorosis and a more comprehensive knowledge on the appreciation of mild fluorosis among the public.
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| 3. |
- Stavropoulos, Andreas, et al.
(författare)
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Effect of Osteotomy Preparation on Osseointegration of Immediately Loaded, Tapered Dental Implants
- 2016
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Ingår i: Advances in Dental Research. - : Sage Publications. - 0895-9374 .- 1544-0737. ; 28:1, s. 34-41
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The aim of the present preclinical in vivo study was to evaluate whether a modified "drill-only" protocol, involving slight underpreparation of the implant site, may have an effect on aspects of osseointegration of a novel bone-level tapered implant, compared with the "standard drilling" protocol involving taping and profiling of the marginal aspect of the implant socket. In each side of the edentulated and completely healed mandible of 11 minipigs, 2 tapered implants (8 mm long × 4.1 mm Ø, BLT; Institut Straumann AG, Basel, Switzerland) were installed either with the drill-only or the standard drilling protocol. Significantly lower average insertion torque values were recorded for the standard drilling protocol group (52 ± 29 Ncm) compared with the drill-only group (70 ± 27 Ncm) (t test, P ≤ 0.05); no significant difference was observed between the 2 groups regarding implant stability, by means of resonance frequency analysis (75 ± 8 vs. 75 ± 6, respectively). Half of the implants were immediately loaded and the rest were submerged, providing observation times of 8 or 4 wk, respectively. Non-decalcified histological and histomorphometric analysis of the implants with surrounding tissues showed no significant differences between the 2 drilling protocols regarding the distance from the implant platform to the first coronal bone-to-implant contact (f-BIC), the total bone-to-implant contact (BIC) as a percentage of the total implant perimeter, and the bone density in an area extending 1 mm laterally from the implant (BATA) within 2 rectangular regions of interest (ROIs) 4 mm in height, representing the coronal (parallel-walled) and apical (tapered) aspect of the implant (ROI 1 and ROI 2, respectively) in non-submerged implants. In general, marginal peri-implant bone levels were at or slightly apical to the implant platform, and large amounts of bone-to-implant contact were observed. In contrast, immediately loaded implants placed with the drill-only protocol showed statistically significantly lower BIC values (66% ± 13.7%) compared with those installed with the standard drilling protocol (74.8% ± 11.2%) (P = 0.018). In addition, although marginal bone levels were in most of the immediately loaded implants at or slightly apical to the implant platform, some of the implants installed with the drill-only protocol showed marginal bone loss and crater formation. Thus, in this model system, even slight underpreparation of the implant socket appeared to compromise osseointegration of immediately loaded bone-level tapered implants.
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| 4. |
- Tanner, A.C.R., et al.
(författare)
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The caries microbiome : implications for reversing dysbiosis
- 2018
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Ingår i: Advances in Dental Research. - : Sage Publications. - 0895-9374 .- 1544-0737. ; 29:1, s. 78-85
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- The oral microbiome plays a critical role in maintaining oral health. Frequent dietary carbohydrate intake can lead to dysbiosis of the microbial community from overproduction of acid with selection for increases in acidogenic, acid-tolerant bacteria. Knowledge of the caries-associated microbiome is key in planning approaches to reverse the dysbiosis to achieve health. For risk assessment and treatment studies, it would be valuable to establish whether microbial monitoring requires assay of multiple species or whether selected key species would suffice. Early investigations of the oral microbiota relied on culture-based methods to determine the major bacteria in health and disease. Microbial monitoring using gene probes facilitated study of larger populations. DNA probe methods confirmed and expanded the importance of transmission of bacteria from mother to infant and association of preselected species, including mutans streptococci and lactobacilli with caries in larger populations. 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) probes confirmed the wide diversity of species in oral and caries microbiomes. Open-ended techniques provide tools for discovery of new species, particularly when strain/clone identification includes gene sequence data. Anaerobic culture highlighted the caries association of Actinomyces and related species. Scardovia wiggsiae, in the Actinomyces/Bifidobacterium family, and several Actinomyces species have the cariogenic traits of acid production and acid tolerance. Next-generation sequencing combined with polymerase chain reaction methods revealed a strong association with mutans streptococci in a high caries population with poor oral hygiene and limited access to care. A population with a lower caries experience generally had lower or no Streptococcus mutans detection but harbored other acidogenic taxa in the microbiome. Study of the microbiome suggests a role for the assay of selected putative cariogenic species in more aggressive diseases. For many populations with caries progression, however, assay of multiple species will likely be warranted to determine the caries profile of the population and/or individuals under study.
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