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- Konsman, J.P., et al.
(författare)
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How the immune and nervous systems interact during disease-associated anorexia
- 2001
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Ingår i: Nutrition (Burbank, Los Angeles County, Calif.). - 0899-9007 .- 1873-1244. ; 17:7-8, s. 664-668
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Anorexia is one of the most common symptoms associated with illness and constitutes an adaptive strategy in fighting acute infectious diseases. However, prolonged reduction in food intake and an increase in metabolic rate, as seen in the anorexia-cachexia syndrome, lead to depletion of body fat and protein reserves, thus worsening the organism's condition. Because the central nervous system controls many aspects of food intake, soluble factors known as cytokines that are secreted by immune cells might act on the brain to induce anorexia during disease. This review focuses on the communication pathways from the immune system to the brain that might mediate anorexia during disease. The vagus nerve is a rapid route of communication from the immune system to the brain, as subdiaphragmatic vagotomy attenuates the decrease in food-motivated behavior and c-Fos expression in the central nervous system in response to peripheral administration of the proinflammatory cytokine, interleukin-1ß, or bacterial lipopolysaccharide. At later time points after peripheral lipopolysaccharide administration, interleukin-1 itself acts in the brain to mediate anorexia and is found in the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus. The mechanisms by which interleukin-1ß gains access to the brain and the potential role of neuropeptide-Y-containing neurons in the arcuate hypothalamus in mediating anorexia during disease are discussed. Copyright © 2001 Elsevier Science Inc.
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- Kristenson, Margareta, 1950-, et al.
(författare)
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Lower serum levels of beta-carotene in Lithuanian men are accompanied by higher urinary excretion of the oxidative DNA adduct, 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine : The LiVicordia study.
- 2003
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Ingår i: Nutrition (Burbank, Los Angeles County, Calif.). - 0899-9007 .- 1873-1244. ; 19:1, s. 11-15
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- OBJECTIVE: In 1995, middle-aged Lithuanian men had a four-fold higher risk than Swedish men of dying from coronary heart disease. The cross-sectional LiVicordia study had reported significantly lower levels of the lipid-soluble antioxidants lycopene, ▀-carotene, and ?-tocopherol among Lithuanian men than among Swedish men. We examined whether there were differences in urinary 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8OHdG), a marker of oxidative stress, between these groups of men. METHODS: Using automated coupled column high-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection, we examined 50-y-old men randomly sampled from Link÷ping, Sweden (n = 99) and Vilnius, Lithuania (n = 109) with regard to urinary concentrations of 8-OHdG. RESULTS: Levels of 8-OHdG were higher in the Lithuanian men than in the Swedish men (20.9 ▒ 0.91 versus 14.9 ▒ 0.75 nM/L, P < 0.001), and this difference was evident in smokers (P < 0.01) and non-smokers (P < 0.001). Serum levels of a- and ▀-carotene were inversely correlated to urinary 8-OHdG levels (P < 0.05 in both cases). Habitual smoking and low levels of ▀-carotene contributed significantly to higher oxidative DNA damage expressed as urinary 8-OHdG. CONCLUSIONS: These findings indicate that increased urinary 8-OHdG levels accompany lower serum levels of antioxidants in Lithuanian men. They supported previous suggestions that increased oxidative stress may be one factor behind the higher mortality in Lithuanian men. ⌐ Elsevier Science Inc. 2003.
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- Netterbladt, Carl Gustaf, et al.
(författare)
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Pre-stress carbohydrate solution prevents fatal outcome after hemorrhage in 24 hour food deprived rats
- 1996
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Ingår i: Journal of Nutrition. - : Oxford University Press. - 0022-3166 .- 1541-6100. ; 12:10, s. 696-699
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Twenty-four-hour food deprivation increases mortality after experimental hemorrhage. Survival after hemorrhageis closely related to the capacity of the animal to develop hyperglycemia. In this study, 24-h food-deprived ratswere subjected to hemorrhage over a period of 75 min, standardized to reach a final blood pressure of 45 mmHg. Just prior to hemorrhage, the rats ingested a carbohydrate solution (n = 8) 2.16 mL/100 g body weight (b.wt.) or the same volume of water sweetened with sodiumsaccarinate (n = 7). A third group (n = 8) received an IV infusion of 5% glucose 0.5 mL/100 g b. wt. to mimic the hyperglycemia during hemorrhage of rats taking carbohydrates before stress. During hemorrhage rats treated with oral carbohydrate and IV glucose developed moderate hyperglycemia while glucose levels fell in water-treated rats (P < 0.001). Concomitant developments in hematocrits indicated improved plasma refill in carbohydrate and glucose-treated animals versus controls (P < 0.05). There were no significant differences in blood pressure by the end of hemorrhage. Six of the seven animals treated with water died within 2 h of bleeding. In both the carbohydrate- and the glucose-treated groups 7 of 8 animals recovered and survived the 7-d observation period (P < 0.05 versus controls). It is concluded that oral carbohydrate solution before hemorrhage can alter the outcome after experimental hemorrhage. The similar finding in rats given IV glucose suggests that the key factor for survival was the capacity to mount a state of hyperglycemia during hemorrhage.
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| 6. |
- Nygren, Jonas, et al.
(författare)
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Short-term hypocaloric nutrition but not bed rest decrease insulin sensitivity and IGF-I bioavailability in healthy subjects : the importance of glucagon
- 1997
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Ingår i: Journal of Nutrition. - : Oxford University Press. - 0022-3166 .- 1541-6100. ; 13:11-12, s. 945-951
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Hyperinsulinemic, normoglycemic clamps were performed before and after 24 h of either hypocaloric nutrition or bed rest in healthy subjects. Decreased insulin sensitivity and insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) bioavailibility, as measured by the serum IGF-I/insulin-like growth factor binding protein-1 (IGFBP-1) ratio, was found after fasting, whereas no metabolic changes were found after bed rest. Glucagon seems to be a key regulator of IGFBP-1 after brief hypocaloric nutrition. Hypocaloric nutrition and immobilization may add to the catabolic response to surgery and other trauma. Presently, six healthy subjects were studied before and after a 24-h period of hypocaloric nutrition (200 kcal/24 h, fast) or immobilization (bed rest) using the hyperinsulinemic (0.8 mU · kg−1 · min−1), normoglycemic (4.5 mmol/L) clamp, indirect calorimetry, and circulating levels of substrates and hormones. After fast, body weight decreased (P < 0.05), and nitrogen balance was negative (−10 ± 1 g urea nitrogen/24 h). Basal levels of free fatty acids, glucagon, and IGFBP-1 increased (P < 0.05), whereas c-peptide levels and the IGF-I/IGFBP-1 ratio decreased (P < 0.05). However, no change was found in basal levels of IGF-I or substrate oxidation. Furthermore, changes (%) in basal levels of glucagon after fast correlated to IGFBP-1 (r = 1.0, P < 0.05), whereas the suppressibility of IGFBP-1 by insulin was maintained at normal levels. During clamps, glucose infusion rates (GIR) decreased after fast (−43 ± 13%, mean ± SEM, P < 0.001). Although not significant, clamp levels of fat oxidation tended to increase and glucose oxidation tended to decrease. Levels of IGFBP-1 during clamps were higher as compared with the control clamp (P < 0.05). No adverse metabolic changes were seen after bed rest, and no change in GIR during clamps were seen as compared with the control measurement (0 ± 14%). After brief hypocaloric nutrition, insulin sensitivity is reduced, whereas IGF-I bioavailibility is reduced by an increase in levels of IGFBP-1. Glucagon seems to contribute to the increase in IGFBP-1 during these conditions.
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| 8. |
- Thorell, Anders, et al.
(författare)
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The effect of preoperative carbohydrate loading on hormonal changes, hepaticglycogen and glucoregulatory enzymes during abdominal surgery
- 1996
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Ingår i: Journal of Nutrition. - : Oxford University Press. - 0022-3166 .- 1541-6100. ; 12:10, s. 690-695
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The effect of preoperative glucose infusion on preoperative alterations in hepatic glycogen content, the activity of key hepatic glucoregulatory enzymes (fructose 1,6-diphosphatase [FDPase]), pyruvate kinase (PK), hormonal developments, and plasma levels of free fatty acids (FFA) were investigated in 16 patients undergoing open cholecystectomy. Patients were randomized to receive (group G) or not receive (group C) overnight glucose infusion (5 mg·kg−1·d−1) preoperatively. Infusion of glucose overnight resulted in preoperative elevations of insulin and c-peptide (P < 0.05) and lower plasma levels of FFA, while the same glucose levels were found in both groups, 4.6 mmol/L. During and after surgery, only minor changes in the plasma levels of insulin, c-peptide, catecholamines, glucagon, cortisol, growth hormone, and FFA were found, with minimal differences between groups. The hepatic glycogen content was 65% higher in group G and a significant reduction was confirmed only in this group of patients during surgery. The higher glycogen content was associated with a higher FDPase activity ratio (P < 0.05), which remained unchanged during surgery. In contrast, a significant (P < 0.05) increase in the activity of this enzyme was found in group C. The PK activity ratio did not differ between groups and remained unchanged during surgery. The finding of enhanced FDPase activity suggests that the indirect route (via gluconeogenesis) represents an important contributor to the increased glycogen formation during glucose infusion. Additionally, surgery in the overnight fasted patient induces enzymatic changes favoring gluconeogenesis. Lastly, preoperative high-dose glucose infusion has only minor effects on the endocrine response, plasma levels of FFA, and glycogen depletion during elective open cholecystectomy.
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