| 1. |
- Behdadi, Dorna, 1988, et al.
(författare)
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A Normative Approach to Artificial Moral Agency
- 2020
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Ingår i: Minds and Machines. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0924-6495 .- 1572-8641. ; 30:2, s. 195-218
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper proposes a methodological redirection of the philosophical debate on artificial moral agency (AMA) in view of increasingly pressing practical needs due to technological development. This “normative approach” suggests abandoning theoretical discussions about what conditions may hold for moral agency and to what extent these may be met by artificial entities such as AI systems and robots. Instead, the debate should focus on how and to what extent such entities should be included in human practices normally assuming moral agency and responsibility of participants. The proposal is backed up by an analysis of the AMA debate, which is found to be overly caught in the opposition between so-called standard and functionalist conceptions of moral agency, conceptually confused and practically inert. Additionally, we outline some main themes of research in need of attention in light of the suggested normative approach to AMA.
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| 2. |
- Dignum, Frank, et al.
(författare)
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Analysing the Combined Health, Social and Economic Impacts of the Corovanvirus Pandemic Using Agent-Based Social Simulation
- 2020
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Ingår i: Minds and Machines. - : Springer. - 0924-6495 .- 1572-8641. ; 30:2, s. 177-194
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- During the COVID-19 crisis there have been many difficult decisions governments and other decision makers had to make. E.g. do we go for a total lock down or keep schools open? How many people and which people should be tested? Although there are many good models from e.g. epidemiologists on the spread of the virus under certain conditions, these models do not directly translate into the interventions that can be taken by government. Neither can these models contribute to understand the economic and/or social consequences of the interventions. However, effective and sustainable solutions need to take into account this combination of factors. In this paper, we propose an agent-based social simulation tool, ASSOCC, that supports decision makers understand possible consequences of policy interventions, but exploring the combined social, health and economic consequences of these interventions.
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| 3. |
- Dodig Crnkovic, Gordana, 1955
(författare)
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Shifting the Paradigm of the Philosophy of Science: the Philosophy of Information and a New Renaissance
- 2003
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Ingår i: Minds and Machines. - 1572-8641 .- 0924-6495. ; 13:4, s. 521-536
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Computing is changing the traditional field of Philosophy of Science in a very profound way. First as a methodological tool, computing makes possible “experimental Philosophy” which is able to provide practical tests for different philosophical ideas. At the same time the ideal object of investigation of the Philosophy of Science is changing. For a long period of time the ideal science was Physics (e.g. Popper, Carnap, Kuhn, and Chalmers). Now the focus is shifting to the field of Computing/Informatics. There are many good reasons for this paradigm shift, one of those being a long standing need of a new meeting between the sciences and humanities, for which the new discipline of Computing/Informatics gives innumerable possibilities. Contrary to Physics, Computing/Informatics is very much human-centered. It brings a potential for a new Renaissance, where Science and Humanities, Arts and Engineering can reach a new synthesis, so very much needed in our intellectually split culture. This paper investigates contemporary trends and the relation between the Philosophy of Science and the Philosophy of Computing and Information, which is equivalent to the present relation between Philosophy of Science and Philosophy of Physics.
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| 4. |
- Dodig-Crnkovic, Gordana, 1955
(författare)
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Significance of models of computation, from Turing model to natural computation
- 2011
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Ingår i: Minds and Machines. - DORDRECHT : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0924-6495 .- 1572-8641. ; 21:2, s. 301-322
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The increased interactivity and connectivity of computational devices along with the spreading of computational tools and computational thinking across the fields, has changed our understanding of the nature of computing. In the course of this development computing models have been extended from the initial abstract symbol manipulating mechanisms of stand-alone, discrete sequential machines, to the models of natural computing in the physical world, generally concurrent asynchronous processes capable of modelling living systems, their informational structures and dynamics on both symbolic and sub-symbolic information processing levels. Present account of models of computation highlights several topics of importance for the development of new understanding of computing and its role: natural computation and the relationship between the model and physical implementation, interactivity as fundamental for computational modelling of concurrent information processing systems such as living organisms and their networks, and the new developments in logic needed to support this generalized framework. Computing understood as information processing is closely related to natural sciences; it helps us recognize connections between sciences, and provides a unified approach for modeling and simulating of both living and non-living systems. © Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2011.
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| 5. |
- Floridi, Luciano, et al.
(författare)
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AI4People - An Ethical Framework for a Good AI Society : Opportunities, Risks, Principles, and Recommendations
- 2018
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Ingår i: Minds and Machines. - : Springer. - 0924-6495 .- 1572-8641. ; 28:4, s. 689-707
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This article reports the findings of AI4People, an Atomium—EISMD initiative designed to lay the foundations for a "Good AI Society". We introduce the core opportunities and risks of AI for society; present a synthesis of five ethical principles that should undergird its development and adoption; and offer 20 concrete recommendations—to assess, to develop, to incentivise, and to support good AI—which in some cases may be undertaken directly by national or supranational policy makers, while in others may be led by other stakeholders. If adopted, these recommendations would serve as a firm foundation for the establishment of a Good AI Society.
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| 6. |
- Grüne-Yanoff, Till, et al.
(författare)
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Nudge Versus Boost : How Coherent are Policy and Theory?
- 2016
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Ingår i: Minds and Machines. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0924-6495 .- 1572-8641. ; 26:1-2, s. 149-183
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- If citizens' behavior threatens to harm others or seems not to be in their own interest (e.g., risking severe head injuries by riding a motorcycle without a helmet), it is not uncommon for governments to attempt to change that behavior. Governmental policy makers can apply established tools from the governmental toolbox to this end (e.g., laws, regulations, incentives, and disincentives). Alternatively, they can employ new tools that capitalize on the wealth of knowledge about human behavior and behavior change that has been accumulated in the behavioral sciences (e.g., psychology and economics). Two contrasting approaches to behavior change are nudge policies and boost policies. These policies rest on fundamentally different research programs on bounded rationality, namely, the heuristics and biases program and the simple heuristics program, respectively. This article examines the policy-theory coherence of each approach. To this end, it identifies the necessary assumptions underlying each policy and analyzes to what extent these assumptions are implied by the theoretical commitments of the respective research program. Two key results of this analysis are that the two policy approaches rest on diverging assumptions and that both suffer from disconnects with the respective theoretical program, but to different degrees: Nudging appears to be more adversely affected than boosting does. The article concludes with a discussion of the limits of the chosen evaluative dimension, policy-theory coherence, and reviews some other benchmarks on which policy programs can be assessed.
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| 7. |
- Kaipainen, Mauri, et al.
(författare)
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Bringing knowing-when and knowing-what together : Periodically tuned categorization and category-based timing modeled with the Recurrent Oscillatory Self-organizing Map (ROSOM)
- 2000
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Ingår i: Minds and Machines. - 0924-6495 .- 1572-8641. ; 10:2, s. 203-229
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The study addresses the cyclically temporal aspect of sequence recognition, storage and recall using the Recurrent Oscillatory Self-Organizing Map (ROSOM), first introduced by Kaipainen, Papadopoulos and Karhu (1997). The unique solution of the network is that oscillatory States are assigned to network units, corresponding to their `readiness-to-fire'. The ROSOM is a categorizer, a temporal sequence storage system and a periodicity detector designed for use in an ambiguous cyclically repetitive environment. As its external input, the model accepts a multidimensional stream of environment-describing feature configurations with implicit periodicities. The output of the model is one or a few closed cycles abstracted from such a stream, mapped as trajectories on a two-dimensional sheet with an organization reminiscent of multi-dimensional scaling. The model's capabilities are explored with a variety of workbench data.
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| 8. |
- Shreenath, Vinutha Magal, et al.
(författare)
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Imitating Design Cognition with Reinforcement Learning – Reflecting upon the Epistemology of Data Science
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Ingår i: Minds and Machines. - 0924-6495 .- 1572-8641.
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The complexity of (re)design of large-scale systems in a metropolitan context is challenging its designers and their design methods. Data science has the potential to influence the designing process, but the question is to what extent and in what way. In this paper, we present an approach with reinforcement learning to imitate design cognition in a use case on Electric Road Systems, by acting on information produced by data science. This takes place in a loose game that is an abstract representation of the real system, thus artificially producing knowledge. We further discuss the episteme of that knowledge produced by the artificial.
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| 9. |
- Verdiesen, Ilse, et al.
(författare)
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Accountability and Control Over Autonomous Weapon Systems : A Framework for Comprehensive Human Oversight
- 2021
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Ingår i: Minds and Machines. - : Springer. - 0924-6495 .- 1572-8641. ; 31:1, s. 137-163
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Accountability and responsibility are key concepts in the academic and societal debate on Autonomous Weapon Systems, but these notions are often used as high-level overarching constructs and are not operationalised to be useful in practice. "Meaningful Human Control" is often mentioned as a requirement for the deployment of Autonomous Weapon Systems, but a common definition of what this notion means in practice, and a clear understanding of its relation with responsibility and accountability is also lacking. In this paper, we present a definition of these concepts and describe the relations between accountability, responsibility, control and oversight in order to show how these notions are distinct but also connected. We focus on accountability as a particular form of responsibility-the obligation to explain one's action to a forum-and we present three ways in which the introduction of Autonomous Weapon Systems may create "accountability gaps". We propose a Framework for Comprehensive Human Oversight based on an engineering, socio-technical and governance perspective on control. Our main claim is that combining the control mechanisms at technical, socio-technical and governance levels will lead to comprehensive human oversight over Autonomous Weapon Systems which may ensure solid controllability and accountability for the behaviour of Autonomous Weapon Systems. Finally, we give an overview of the military control instruments that are currently used in the Netherlands and show the applicability of the comprehensive human oversight Framework to Autonomous Weapon Systems. Our analysis reveals two main gaps in the current control mechanisms as applied to Autonomous Weapon Systems. We have identified three first options as future work for the design of a control mechanism, one in the technological layer, one in the socio-technical layer and one the governance layer, in order to achieve comprehensive human oversight and ensure accountability over Autonomous Weapon Systems.
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| 10. |
- Öhman, Carl, 1991-, et al.
(författare)
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Prayer-Bots and Religious Worship on Twitter : A Call for a Wider Research Agenda
- 2019
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Ingår i: Minds and Machines. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0924-6495 .- 1572-8641. ; 29, s. 331-338
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The automation of online social life is an urgent issue for researchers and the public alike. However, one of the most significant uses of such technologies seems to have gone largely unnoticed by the research community: religion. Focusing on Islamic Prayer Apps, which automatically post prayers from its users’ accounts, we show that even one such service is already responsible for millions of tweets daily, constituting a significant portion of Arabic-language Twitter traffic. We argue that the fact that a phenomenon of these proportions has gone unnoticed by researchers reveals an opportunity to broaden the scope of the current research agenda on online automation.
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