| 1. |
- Brogren, M, et al.
(författare)
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Design of concentrating elements with CIS thin-film solar cells for facade integration
- 2003
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Ingår i: Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells. - 0927-0248. ; 75:3-4, s. 567-575
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A concentrating photovoltaic wall element, including Cu(In, Ga)Se-2-based modules, aluminum reflectors, and an insulation for building integration, has been developed and evaluated. The geometric concentration ratio of the system is about 3 x. However, the measured maximum electric power from the modules is only 1.9 times that of identical vertical modules without reflectors, due to optical losses and a decrease in fill-factor from 0.6 to 0.5 under concentrated light. The optical efficiency of the system is 76% at an effective solar height of 40degrees. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
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| 2. |
- Andersson, Kent, et al.
(författare)
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Zirconium nitride based transparent heat mirror coatings : preparation and characterisation
- 1994
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Ingår i: Solar Energy. - : Elsevier BV. - 0038-092X .- 1471-1257. ; 32:2, s. 199-212
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Transparent heat mirror coatings based on thin zirconium nitride films have been prepared using reactive magnetron sputtering. The zirconium nitride films have been sandwiched between layers of zirconium oxide. It is shown that the multilayer configuration ZrO2/ZrN/ZrO2 can be used as solar control coatings on window glazings. A visible transmittance of around 60% and a thermal emittance lower than 0.2 can be obtained, and the ratio between visible transmittance and total solar transmittance can be as high as 1.7. The influence of substrate temperature on the optical quality of the films is evaluated and it is shown that the crystal structure of the first oxide layer is of importance for the optical quality of the nitride. The influence of preparation conditions and accelerated ageing has been modelled using the optical constants of thin films prepared under identical conditions as the films in the multilayer coatings.
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| 3. |
- Brogren, M., et al.
(författare)
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Hammarby Sjöstad-an interdisciplinary case study of the integration of photovoltaics in a new ecologically sustainable residential area in Stockholm
- 2003
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Ingår i: Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells. - 0927-0248 .- 1879-3398. ; 75:3-4, s. 761-765
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The integration of photovoltaic (PV) systems in apartment buildings in a new residential area, Hammarby Sjöstad in Stockholm, has been studied using an interdisciplinary approach including e.g. interviews with actors and modelling of PV systems in PVSYST. Four of the ten construction companies represented in the area will install PV systems. The yearly electricity production from these systems has been estimated to be 63 MWh or equal to an electricity demand of 38 (out of 2300) households in the area. Interviews reveal that obstacles for the integration of PV in buildings are e.g. perceived expense and a lack of knowledge. The choice of PV technology is based more on economy, aesthetic appearance, and a wish to demonstrate environmental concern, than on optimal system performance. By integrating renewable energy technologies in the buildings, the construction companies will lay a ground for an ecologically sustainable living, but how these opportunities are utilised by future residents, managers, and caretakers of the buildings will be of decisive importance for the final outcome. © 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
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| 4. |
- Gómez, M.M., et al.
(författare)
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Dye-sensitized sputtered titanium oxide films for photovoltaic applications : influence of the O2/Ar gas flow ratio during the deposition
- 2003
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Ingår i: Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells. - 0927-0248 .- 1879-3398. ; 76:1, s. 37-56
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Titanium oxide films were prepared by reactive DC magnetron sputtering onto SnO2:F coated glass substrates. The O-2/Ar gas flow ratio was kept at a constant value Gamma during the deposition, and a series of films were deposited with 0.050 < Gamma < 0.072. Structural studies were performed by X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy; the structure displayed penniform features with a clear dependence on F. Charge transport in the films was evaluated by use of time-resolved photocurrents; a diffusion model was fitted to the experimental data and two different transport mechanisms were proposed depending on the film stoichiometry. Dye sensitization in cis-dithiocyanato-bis(2,2'-bipyridyl-4,4'-dicarboxylate) ruthenium (II) was performed to evaluate incident photon-to-current conversion efficiency and solar cell properties of the films. These parameters showed a clear dependence on Gamma. Optical measurements gave evidence for the presence of polaron absorption for the film deposited at Gamma = 0.050.
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| 5. |
- Rönnow, Daniel, et al.
(författare)
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Surface roughness characterisation of a thin transparent dielectric-silver tandem by spectroscopic light scattering
- 1998
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Ingår i: Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells. - 0927-0248 .- 1879-3398. ; 52:1-2, s. 37-43
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Spectroscopic light scattering was measured on a system of a dielectric layer on top of a thin (13 nm) silver film on a glass substrate. The analysis included both forward and backward scattering and excellent agreement between measured and modelled results was achieved. The theoretical analysis showed that the film interfaces were correlated, i.e. the substrate roughness was replicated, and that the interface roughness (root mean square) was in the nanometer range.
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| 6. |
- Veszelei, M, et al.
(författare)
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Zr-Ce Oxides as Candidates for Optically Passive Counter Electrodes
- 1999
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Ingår i: Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells. - 0927-0248 .- 1879-3398. ; 56:3-4, s. 223-230
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Zr-Ce oxide films with compositions from pure Zr oxide to pure Ce oxide were made by reactive DC magnetron co-sputtering. The composition and structure were determined by Rutherford backscattering and X-ray diffraction. Pure Ce oxide films have high charge capacity and are optically passive under charge insertion; they are, however, chemically unstable in an electrolyte of LiClO4 in propylene carbonate. Pure Zr oxide has practically zero charge capacity. Zr-Ce oxide films have high (above 80%) optical transmittance, high charge capacity, and good chemical stability. These films remain fully transparent irrespective of their degree of lithiation, which may be reconciled with electrons accommodating 4f states of Ce.
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| 7. |
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| 8. |
- Ahuja, R, et al.
(författare)
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Calculated optical properties of a solar energy material: CuGaS2
- 1998
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Ingår i: SOLAR ENERGY MATERIALS AND SOLAR CELLS. - : ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV. - 0927-0248. ; 53:3-4, s. 357-366
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The full-potential linear muffin-tin orbital method is used to study the electronic structure of the solar energy material CuGaS2. From this the optical reflectivity is calculated and compared with experiment, both for the case when the polarization vecto
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| 9. |
- Aijaz, Asim, et al.
(författare)
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Low-temperature synthesis of thermochromic vanadium dioxide thin films by reactive high power impulse magnetron sputtering
- 2016
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Ingår i: Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells. - : Elsevier BV. - 0927-0248 .- 1879-3398. ; 149, s. 137-144
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Thermochromic (TC) vanadium dioxide thin films provide means for controlling solar energy throughput and can be used for energy-saving applications such as smart windows. One of the factors limiting the deployment of VO2 films in TC devices is the growth temperature tau(s). At present, temperatures in excess of 450 degrees C are required, which clearly can be an impediment especially for temperature-sensitive substrates. Here we address the issue of high tau(s) by synthesizing VO2 thin films from highly ionized fluxes of depositing species generated in high power impulse magnetron sputtering (HiPIMS) discharges. The use of ions facilitates low-temperature film growth because the energy of the depositing species can be readily manipulated by substrate bias. For comparison, films were also synthesized by pulsed direct current magnetron sputtering. Structural and optical characterization of VO2 thin films on ITO-coated glass substrates confirms previous results that HiPIMS allows tau(s) to be reduced from 500 to 300 degrees C. Importantly, we demonstrated that HiPIMS permits the composition and TC response of the films to be tuned by altering the energy of the deposition flux via substrate bias. An optimum ion energy of 100 eV was identified, which points at a potential for further reduction of tau(s) thereby opening new possibilities for industrially-relevant applications of VO2-based TC thin films. Weak TC activity was observed even at tau(s) approximate to 200 degrees C in HiPIMS-produced films.
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| 10. |
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