| 1. |
- Mueller, G., et al.
(författare)
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Seismic-wave traveltimes in random media
- 1992
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Ingår i: Geophysical Journal International. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0956-540X .- 1365-246X. ; 110:1, s. 29-41
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)
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| 2. |
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| 3. |
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| 4. |
- Roth, Michael, et al.
(författare)
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Velocity shift in random media
- 1993
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Ingår i: Geophysical Journal International. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0956-540X .- 1365-246X. ; 115:2, s. 552-563
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)
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| 5. |
- Witte, O., et al.
(författare)
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Ray tracing in random media
- 1996
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Ingår i: Geophysical Journal International. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0956-540X .- 1365-246X. ; 124:1, s. 159-169
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)
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| 6. |
- Elming, Sten-åke, et al.
(författare)
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A palaeomagnetic and Ar-40/Ar-39 study of late precambrian sills in the SW part of the Amazonian craton: Amazonia in the Rodinia reconstruction
- 2009
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Ingår i: Geophysical Journal International. - 0956-540X .- 1365-246X. ; 178:1, s. 106-122
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- A new key palaeomagnetic pole (Plat. = 64.3 degrees S, Plon. = 271.0 degrees E, N = 14, A(95) = 9.2 degrees; Q = 5) is calculated from a primary magnetization isolated in early Neoproterozoic Aguapei basic sills and dykes hosted by 1.3-1.0 Ga sedimentary rocks from the southwestern part of the Amazon craton. The characteristic remanence carried by stable, pseudo-single domain titanomagnetite shows two antipodal polarities that pass a reversals test. Magnetic anisotropy for most sites shows fabric orientations that are typical of sills, with horizontal magnetic foliations concordant to the flat-lying bedding of the host sedimentary rocks. Ar-40/Ar-39 analyses for one of the sills reveal a well-defined plateau age at 981 +/- 2 Myr. A tectonic reconstruction for Amazonia relative Laurentia based on this new pole 'is consistent with' a position of the present northwestern part of Amazonia attached with eastern Laurentia close to Greenland at ca. 981 Ma. On basis of palaeomagnetic and geological data, we propose a scenario where Amazonia moved northeastwards along the present southeast coast of Laurentia from ca. 1200 to 980 Ma. By 980 Ma, Amazonia is placed alongside Laurentia and Baltica, in a position similar to other reconstructions of Rodinia but with a significantly different orientation.
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| 7. |
- Árnadóttir, Thóra, et al.
(författare)
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Glacial rebound and plate spreading : results from the first countrywide GPS observations in Iceland
- 2009
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Ingår i: Geophysical Journal International. - 0956-540X .- 1365-246X. ; 177:2, s. 691-716
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Iceland is one of the few places on Earth where a divergent plate boundary can be observed on land. Direct observations of crustal deformation for the whole country are available for the first time from nationwide Global Positioning System (GPS) campaigns in 1993 and 2004. The plate spreading across the island is imaged by the horizontal velocity field and high uplift rates (>= 10 mm yr(-1)) are observed over a large part of central and southeastern Iceland. Several earthquakes, volcanic intrusions and eruptions occurred during the time spanned by the measurements, causing local disturbances of the deformation field. After correcting for the largest earthquakes during the observation period, we calculate the strain rate field and find that the main feature of the field is the extension across the rift zones, subparallel to the direction of plate motion. Kinematic models of the horizontal plate spreading signal indicate a slightly elevated rate of spreading in the Northern Volcanic Zone (NVZ) (23 +/- 2 mm yr(-1)), while the rates at the other plate boundary segments agree fairly well with the predicted rate of plate spreading (similar to 20 mm yr(-1)) across Iceland. The horizontal ISNET velocities across north Iceland therefore indicate that the excessive spreading rate (>30 mm yr(-1)) observed by GPS in 1987-1992 following the 1975-1984 Krafla rifting episode was significantly slower during 1993-2004. We model the vertical velocities using glacial isostatic adjustment (GIA) due to the recent thinning of the largest glaciers in Iceland. A layered earth model with a 10-km thick elastic layer, underlain by a 30-km thick viscoelastic layer with viscosity 1 x 10(20) Pa s, over a half-space with viscosity similar to 1 x 10(19) Pa s can explain the broad area of uplift in central and southeastern Iceland. A wide area of significant residual uplift ( up to 8 mm yr(-1)) is evident in north Iceland after we subtract the rebound signal from the observed rates, whereas the Reykjanes Peninsula and the Western Volcanic Zone (WVZ) appear to be subsiding at a rate of 4-8 mm yr(-1). We observe a coherent pattern of small but significant residual horizontal motion (up to 3 mm yr(-1)) away from Vatnajokull and the smaller glaciers that is most likely caused by glacial rebound. Our study demonstrates that the velocity field over a large part of Iceland is affected by deglaciation and that this effect needs to be considered when interpreting deformation data to monitor subglacial volcanoes in Iceland.
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| 8. |
- Artyushkov, E V, et al.
(författare)
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The cause of loss of lithospheric rigidity in areas far from plate tectonic activity
- 2000
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Ingår i: Geophysical Journal International. - 0956-540X .- 1365-246X. ; 143:3, s. 752-776
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Significant losses of lithospheric strength are generally considered to be almost entirely associated with abnormal heating or steep lithospheric bending and/or stretching near to active plate boundaries. Several areas-the western Greater Caucasus, the North Crimean basin, the Carpathian foredeep, the Peri-Caspian basin and the Trans-Caspian areas-are shown to have steep basement slopes, usually comprising a difference in height of several kilometres over lateral distances of only 20-30 km, corresponding to very low, similar to 3-5 km, effective elastic thicknesses of the lithosphere. Each of these areas is shown to have undergone rapid steepening of the basement slope, usually within 1-2 Myr but in up to 10 Myr in some areas. At such times, these localities were far from active plate boundaries and in positions where bending forces could not have been transmitted to them from far-distant plate activities. Surface and/or subsurface loading can similarly be excluded as mechanisms for such steepening, and there is no apparent outflow of crustal materials into adjacent regions. It is suggested that such rapid subsidence far from plate tectonic activity is caused by rapid increases in the local density of the lithosphere. This could occur as a result of, for example, a gabbro-eclogite transformation in the lower crust, catalysed by the infiltration of volatiles from the asthenosphere. The resultant contraction of the mafic rocks would be non-uniform in space and produce high deviatory stresses, reducing the viscosity in the lower crust to similar to 10(23) Pa s. This would result in the rapid subsidence of the top of this layer, accompanied by steep ductile bending of the overlying upper crust. Such steer downwarping of the basement would be accompanied by a similar steepening of the underlying weakened mantle. The formation of such steep slopes thus indicates a weakening of the entire lithospheric layer, most probably due to the infiltration of volatiles from the asthenosphere, and unrelated to coeval plate tectonic activity.
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| 9. |
- Burchardt, Steffi, et al.
(författare)
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Sinking of anhydrite blocks within a Newtonian salt diapir : modelling the influence of block aspect ratio and salt stratification
- 2012
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Ingår i: Geophysical Journal International. - 0956-540X .- 1365-246X. ; 188:3, s. 763-778
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- 2-D Finite Differences models are used to analyse the strain produced by gravity-driven sinking of dense rectangular inclusions through homogeneous and vertically stratified Newtonian salt. We systematically modelled the descent of dense blocks of different sizes and initial orientations (aspect ratios) representing the Main Anhydrite fragments documented within, for example, the Gorleben salt diapir. Model results demonstrate that size of the blocks is a governing parameter which dictates the amount of strain produced within the block and in the surrounding host salt. Initial block orientation (aspect ratio), on the other hand, causes fundamental differences in block deformation, while the resulting structures produced in the salt are principally the same in all models with homogeneous salt, covering shear zones and folding of passive markers. In models with vertically stratified salt with different viscosities, block descent takes place along complex paths. This results from greater strain accommodation by the salt formation with the lowest viscosity and an asymmetrical distribution of initial vertical shear stresses around the block. Consequently, in these models, block strain is lower compared with the models with homogeneous salt (for the same viscosity as the high-viscosity salt), and sinking is accompanied by block rotation. The latter causes diapir-scale disturbance of the pre-sinking salt stratigraphy and complex sinking paths of the blocks. In particular, vertically oriented blocks sink into high-viscosity salt and drag with them some low-viscosity salt, while horizontal blocks sink in the low-viscosity salt. The resultant sinking velocities vary strongly depending on the sinking path of the block. Based on model results and observed structural configuration within the Gorleben salt diapir, we conclude that the internal complexity of a salt diapir governs its post-ascent deformation. Salt structure and its interaction with dense blocks should hence be considered in the assessment of the long-term stability of storage sites for hazardous waste.
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| 10. |
- Chemia, Z., et al.
(författare)
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Numerical modelling of rise and fall of a dense layer in salt diapirs
- 2008
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Ingår i: Geophysical Journal International. - 0956-540X .- 1365-246X. ; 172:2, s. 798-816
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Numerical models are used to study the entrainment of a dense anhydrite layer by a diapir. The anhydrite layer is initially horizontally embedded within a viscous salt layer. The diapir is down-built by aggradation of non-Newtonian sediments (n = 4, constant temperature) placed on the top of the salt layer. Several parameters (sedimentation rate, salt viscosity, perturbation width and stratigraphic position of the anhydrite layer) are studied systematically to understand their role in governing the entrainment of the anhydrite layer. High sedimentation rates during the early stages of the diapir evolution bury the initial perturbation and, thus, no diapir forms. The anhydrite layer sinks within the buried salt layer. For the same sedimentation rate, increasing viscosity of the salt layer decreases the rise rate of the diapir and reduces the amount (volume) of the anhydrite layer transported into the diapir. Model results show that viscous salt is capable of carrying separate blocks of the anhydrite layer to relatively higher stratigraphic levels. Varying the width of the initial perturbation (in our calculations 400-800 m), from which a diapir triggers, shows that wider diapirs can more easily entrain an embedded anhydrite layer than the narrower diapirs. The anhydrite layer is entrained as long as rise rate of the diapir exceeds the descent rate of the denser anhydrite layer. We conclude that the four parameters mentioned above govern the ability of a salt diapir to entrain an embedded dense layer. However, the model results show that the entrained blocks inevitably sink back if the rise rate of the diapir is less than the rate of descent of the anhydrite layer or the diapir is permanently covered by a stiff overburden in case of high sedimentation rates.
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