| 1. |
- Allison, Robert S., et al.
(författare)
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Perspectives on the definition of visually lossless quality for mobile and large format displays
- 2018
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Ingår i: Journal of Electronic Imaging (JEI). - 1017-9909 .- 1560-229X. ; 27:5, s. 1-23
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Advances in imaging and display engineering have given rise to new and improved image and videoapplications that aim to maximize visual quality under given resource constraints (e.g., power, bandwidth).Because the human visual system is an imperfect sensor, the images/videos can be represented in a mathematicallylossy fashion but with enough fidelity that the losses are visually imperceptible—commonly termed“visually lossless.” Although a great deal of research has focused on gaining a better understanding ofthe limits of human vision when viewing natural images/video, a universally or even largely accepted definitionof visually lossless remains elusive. Differences in testing methodologies, research objectives, and targetapplications have led to multiple ad-hoc definitions that are often difficult to compare to or otherwise employ inother settings. We present a compendium of technical experiments relating to both vision science and visualquality testing that together explore the research and business perspectives of visually lossless image quality,as well as review recent scientific advances. Together, the studies presented in this paper suggest that a singledefinition of visually lossless quality might not be appropriate; rather, a better goal would be to establish varyinglevels of visually lossless quality that can be quantified in terms of the testing paradigm.
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| 2. |
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| 3. |
- Astrom, Anders, et al.
(författare)
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Low-complexity, high-speed, and high-dynamic range time-to-impact algorithm
- 2012
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Ingår i: Journal of Electronic Imaging (JEI). - : Society of Photo-optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE). - 1017-9909 .- 1560-229X. ; 21:4
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We present a method suitable for a time-to-impact sensor. Inspired by the seemingly "low" complexity of small insects, we propose a new approach to optical flow estimation that is the key component in time-to-impact estimation. The approach is based on measuring time instead of the apparent motion of points in the image plane. The specific properties of the motion field in the time-to-impact application are used, such as measuring only along a one-dimensional (1-D) line and using simple feature points, which are tracked from frame to frame. The method lends itself readily to be implemented in a parallel processor with an analog front-end. Such a processing concept [near-sensor image processing (NSIP)] was described for the first time in 1983. In this device, an optical sensor array and a low-level processing unit are tightly integrated into a hybrid analog-digital device. The high dynamic range, which is a key feature of NSIP, is used to extract the feature points. The output from the device consists of a few parameters, which will give the time-to-impact as well as possible transversal speed for off-centered viewing. Performance and complexity aspects of the implementation are discussed, indicating that time-to-impact data can be achieved at a rate of 10 kHz with todays technology.
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| 4. |
- Astrom, Anders, et al.
(författare)
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Statistical approach to time-to-impact estimation suitable for real-time near-sensor implementation
- 2022
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Ingår i: Journal of Electronic Imaging (JEI). - : SPIE-SOC PHOTO-OPTICAL INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERS. - 1017-9909 .- 1560-229X. ; 31:6
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We present a method to estimate the time-to-impact (TTI) from a sequence of images. The method is based on detecting and tracking local extremal points. Their endurance within and between pixels is measured, accumulated, and used to achieve the TTI. This method, which improves on an earlier proposal, is entirely different from the ordinary optical flow technique and allows for fast and low-complex processing. The method is inspired by insects, which have some TTI capability without the possibility to compute high-complex optical flow. The method is further suitable for near-sensor image processing architectures. (c) The Authors. Published by SPIE under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. Distribution or reproduction of this work in whole or in part requires full attribution of the original publication, including its DOI.
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| 5. |
- Bajic, Buda, et al.
(författare)
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Restoration of images degraded by signal-dependent noise based on energy minimization : an empirical study
- 2016
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Ingår i: Journal of Electronic Imaging (JEI). - 1017-9909 .- 1560-229X. ; 25:4
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Most energy minimization-based restoration methods are developed for signal-independent Gaussian noise. The assumption of Gaussian noise distribution leads to a quadratic data fidelity term, which is appealing in optimization. When an image is acquired with a photon counting device, it contains signal-dependent Poisson or mixed Poisson–Gaussian noise. We quantify the loss in performance that occurs when a restoration method suited for Gaussian noise is utilized for mixed noise. Signal-dependent noise can be treated by methods based on either classical maximum a posteriori (MAP) probability approach or on a variance stabilization approach (VST). We compare performances of these approaches on a large image material and observe that VST-based methods outperform those based on MAP in both quality of restoration and in computational efficiency. We quantify improvement achieved by utilizing Huber regularization instead of classical total variation regularization. The conclusion from our study is a recommendation to utilize a VST-based approach combined with regularization by Huber potential for restoration of images degraded by blur and signal-dependent noise. This combination provides a robust and flexible method with good performance and high speed.
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| 6. |
- Bajic, Buda, et al.
(författare)
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Sparsity promoting super-resolution coverage segmentation by linear unmixing in presence of blur and noise
- 2019
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Ingår i: Journal of Electronic Imaging (JEI). - : IS&T & SPIE. - 1017-9909 .- 1560-229X. ; 28:1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We present a segmentation method that estimates the relative coverage of each pixel in a sensed image by each image component. The proposed super-resolution blur-aware model (utilizes a priori knowledge of the image blur) for linear unmixing of image intensities relies on a sparsity promoting approach expressed by two main requirements: (i) minimization of Huberized total variation, providing smooth object boundaries and noise removal, and (ii) minimization of nonedge image fuzziness, responding to an assumption that imaged objects are crisp and that fuzziness is mainly due to the imaging and digitization process. Edge fuzziness due to partial coverage is allowed, enabling subpixel precise feature estimates. The segmentation is formulated as an energy minimization problem and solved by the spectral projected gradient method, utilizing a graduated nonconvexity scheme. Quantitative and qualitative evaluation on synthetic and real multichannel images confirms good performance, particularly relevant when subpixel precision in segmentation and subsequent analysis is a requirement. (C) 2019 SPIE and IS&T
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| 7. |
- Bornefalk, hans, et al.
(författare)
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Contrast-enhanced dual-energy mammography using a scanned multi-slit system : valuation of a differential beam filtering technique
- 2007
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Ingår i: Journal of Electronic Imaging (JEI). - : SPIE-Intl Soc Optical Eng. - 1017-9909 .- 1560-229X. ; 16:2, s. 023006-
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper describes a method for single-exposure, contrast-enhanced dual-energy imaging of tumors utilizing a scanned multislit system for digital mammography. This photon-counting system employs an array of silicon strip detectors mounted in an edge-on geometry. The line detectors and pre- and post-collimator slits are carefully aligned, and the multislit setup allows differential filtering of the x-ray beam in the pre-collimator slits. A high-energy image is constructed from those lines where the filter material has been chosen to harden the x-ray beam and the low-energy image from the lines with a filter producing softer beams. Both images are obtained in the same scan, eliminating the need to change tube voltages and anode materials and minimizing the risk of motion artifacts. The method is illustrated on a purpose-built phantom, and logarithmic subtraction of the images produces images essentially free of anatomical clutter with the contrast-enhanced targets clearly visible.
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| 8. |
- Brunnstrom, Kjell, 1960-, et al.
(författare)
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Statistical quality of experience analysis: on planning the sample size and statistical significance testing
- 2018
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Ingår i: Journal of Electronic Imaging (JEI). - SPIE/IS&T : IS&T - the Society for Imaging Science and Technology. - 1017-9909 .- 1560-229X. ; 27:5, s. 053013-1-053013-11
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper analyzes how an experimenter can balance errors in subjective video quality tests betweenthe statistical power of finding an effect if it is there and not claiming that an effect is there if the effect is not there,i.e., balancing Type I and Type II errors. The risk of committing Type I errors increases with the number ofcomparisons that are performed in statistical tests. We will show that when controlling for this and at thesame time keeping the power of the experiment at a reasonably high level, it is unlikely that the number oftest subjects that are normally used and recommended by the International Telecommunication Union (ITU),i.e., 15 is sufficient but the number used by the Video Quality Experts Group (VQEG), i.e., 24 is more likelyto be sufficient. Examples will also be given for the influence of Type I error on the statistical significance ofcomparing objective metrics by correlation. We also present a comparison between parametric and nonparametricstatistics. The comparison targets the question whether we would reach different conclusions on the statisticaldifference between the video quality ratings of different video clips in a subjective test, based on thecomparison between the student T-test and the Mann–Whitney U-test. We found that there was hardly a differencewhen few comparisons are compensated for, i.e., then almost the same conclusions are reached. Whenthe number of comparisons is increased, then larger and larger differences between the two methods arerevealed. In these cases, the parametric T-test gives clearly more significant cases, than the nonparametrictest, which makes it more important to investigate whether the assumptions are met for performing a certaintest.
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| 9. |
- Engelke, Ulrich, et al.
(författare)
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Framework for Optimal Region of Interest-based Quality Assessment in Wireless Imaging
- 2010
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Ingår i: Journal of Electronic Imaging (JEI). - : SPIE. - 1017-9909 .- 1560-229X. ; 19:1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Images usually exhibit regions that particularly attract the viewer's attention. These regions are typically referred to as regions-of-interest (ROI) and the underlying phenomenon in the human visual system is known as visual attention (VA). In the context of image quality one may expect that distortions occuring in the ROI are perceived as being more annoying, as compared to distortions in the background. However, VA is only seldom taken into account in existing image quality metrics. In this paper, we thus provide a VA framework to extend existing image quality metrics with a simple VA model. The performance of the framework is evaluated on three contemporary image quality metrics. We further consider the context of wireless imaging where a broad range of artifacts can be observed. To facilitate the VA based metric design, we conducted subjective experiments to both obtain a ground truth for the subjective quality of a set of test images and to identify ROI in the corresponding reference images. A methodology is further discussed to optimize the VA metrics with respect to quality prediction accuracy and generalization ability. It is shown that the quality prediction performance of the three considered metrics can be significantly improved by deploying the proposed framework.
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| 10. |
- Gooran, Sasan, et al.
(författare)
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High-speed first- and second-order frequency modulated halftoning
- 2015
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Ingår i: Journal of Electronic Imaging (JEI). - : Society of Photo-optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE). - 1017-9909 .- 1560-229X. ; 24:2
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Halftoning is a crucial part of image reproduction in print. First-order FM halftones, in which the single dots are stochastically distributed, is widely used in printing technologies, such as inkjet, that are able to stably print isolated dispersed dots. Printers, such as laser printers, that utilize electrophotographic technology are not able to stably print the isolated dots and therefore use clustered-dot halftones. Periodic clustered-dot, i.e. AM, halftones are commonly used in this type of printers but they suffer from undesired periodic interference pattern called moiré. An alternative solution is to use second-order FM halftones in which the clustered dots are stochastically distributed. The iterative halftoning techniques, that usually result in well-formed halftones, are operating on the whole input image and require extensive computations and thereby are very slow when the input image is large. In this paper, we introduce a method to generate image independent threshold matrices for first and second-order FM halftoning. The first-order threshold matrix generates well-formed halftone patterns and the second-order FM threshold matrix can be adjusted to produce clustered-dots of different size, shape and alignment. Using predetermined and image independent threshold matrices makes the proposed halftoning method a point-by-point process and thereby very fast.
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