| 1. |
- Altmann, Simone, et al.
(författare)
-
Toll-like receptors in maraena whitefish : Evolutionary relationship among salmonid fishes and patterns of response to Aeromonas salmonicida
- 2016
-
Ingår i: Fish and Shellfish Immunology. - : Elsevier BV. - 1050-4648 .- 1095-9947. ; 54, s. 391-401
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Toll-like receptors (TLRs) interact directly with particular pathogenic structures and are thus highly important to innate immunity. The present manuscript characterises a suite of 14 TLR5 in maraena whitefish (Coregonus maraena), a salmonid species with increasing importance for aquaculture. Whitefish TLRs were structurally and evolutionary analysed. The results revealed a close relationship with TLR5 from salmonid fish species rainbow trout and Atlantic salmon. Profiling the baseline expression of TLR genes in whitefish indicated that mainly members of the TLR11 family were highly expressed across all investigated tissues. A stimulation model with inactivated Aeromonas salmonicida was used to induce inflammation in the peritoneal cavity of whitefish. This bacterial challenge induced the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokine genes and evoked a strong influx of granulated cells of myeloid origin into the peritoneal cavity. As a likely consequence, the abundance of TLR-encoding transcripts increased moderately in peritoneal cells, with the highest levels of transcripts encoding non-mammalian TLR22a and a soluble TLR5 variant. In the course of inflammation, the proportion of granulated cells increased in peripheral blood accompanied by elevated TLR copy numbers in spleen and simultaneously reduced TLR copy numbers in head kidney at day 3 post-stimulation. Altogether, the present study provides in-vivo evidence for relatively modest TLR response patterns, but marked trafficking of myeloid cells as an immunophysiological consequence of A. salmonicida inflammation in whitefish. The present results contribute to improved understanding of the host-pathogen interaction in salmonid fish.
|
|
| 2. |
- Angthong, Pacharaporn, et al.
(författare)
-
Cloning and characterization of a melanization inhibition protein (PmMIP) of the black tiger shrimp, Penaeus monodon
- 2010
-
Ingår i: Fish and Shellfish Immunology. - : Elsevier BV. - 1050-4648 .- 1095-9947. ; 29:3, s. 464-468
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Melanization is an important component of the innate immune responses in invertebrates and it is essential for defense against invading microorganism. Melanin formation, which is a result of activation of the so called prophenoloxidase activating system, needs to be controlled due to the dangerous effects of quinones and melanin which are produced during the process of melanization. Here, a cDNA for a melanization inhibition protein (MIP), named PmMIP, was identified from the black tiger shrimp, Penaeus monodon by RT-PCR using degenerated oligonucleotide primers and RACE-PCR. The complete sequence significantly matched MIP of the freshwater crayfish Pacifastacus leniusculus (PlMIP). PmMIP contains an N-terminal signal peptide and a fibrinogen related domain (FReD). RT-PCR was applied to examine the expression profiles of PmMIP in various tissues of juvenile P. monodon. PmMIP was expressed in all examined tissues except hemocytes and at very low levels in hepatopancreas and ovaries. The expression of this gene was very low during the larval stages and hardly present in egg and at the nauplius stage. A time-course expression analysis of PmMIP upon Vibrio harveyi challenge at protein levels in plasma was determined. The result shows that MIP protein in plasma was induced at 6 h and disappeared at 12 and 24 h and then the protein reappeared at 48 and 72 h post injection. These results suggest that upon bacterial infection the PmMIP protein is first released from tissues into hemolymph and then degraded to allow melanization to occur for fighting against bacteria.
|
|
| 3. |
- Apitanyasai, Kantamas, et al.
(författare)
-
Characterization of a hemocyte homeostasis-associated-like protein (HHAP) in the freshwater crayfish Pacifastacus leniusculus
- 2016
-
Ingår i: Fish and Shellfish Immunology. - : Elsevier BV. - 1050-4648 .- 1095-9947. ; 58, s. 429-435
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Hemocyte homeostasis-associated-like protein (HHAP) in the freshwater crayfish Pacifastacus leniusculus has a distinct role from that of its homolog PmHHAP in the shrimp Penaeus monodon. Knockdown of PIHHAP in vitro using double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) had no effect on the cell morphology of hematopoietic tissue (HPT) cells. The total hemocyte number and caspase activity were unchanged after PIHHAP knockdown in vivo, in contrast to the results found in shrimp. Moreover, suppression of PIHHAP both in vitro and in vivo did not change the mRNA levels of some genes involved in hematopoiesis and hemocyte homeostasis. Interestingly, bacterial count and scanning electron microscope revealed that depletion of PIHHAP in intestine by RNAi resulted in higher number of bacteria in the crayfish intestine. Together, these results suggest that PIHHAP is not involved in hemocyte homeostasis in the crayfish P. leniusculus but appears to affect the bacterial number in the intestine through an unknown mechanism. Since PIHHAP has different functions from PmHHAP, we therefore named it HHAP-like protein.
|
|
| 4. |
- Baruah, Kartik
(författare)
-
Beta-glucan's varying structure characteristics modulate survival and immune-related genes expression from Vibrio harveyi-infected Artemia franciscana in gnotobiotic conditions
- 2020
-
Ingår i: Fish and Shellfish Immunology. - : Elsevier BV. - 1050-4648 .- 1095-9947. ; 102, s. 307-315
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- beta-Glucans have long been used as an immunostimulant in aquaculture. However, the relationship of its structure to its immunomodulatory properties are poorly understood. In this study, the particle size and chemical structure of beta-glucans extracted from wild-type strain of baker's yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) and its null-mutant yeasts Gas1 were characterised. Using Sigma beta-glucan as a reference, the immunomodulatory properties of these polysaccharides in the germ-free Anemia franciscana model system in the presence of Vibrio harveyi bacterial challenge were investigated. The survival of the A. franciscana nauplii, upon challenge with V. harveyi, was significantly higher in all three glucan-treated groups compared to the control. The glucan Gas1 with a lower degree of branching and shorter side chain length had the most prominent V. harveyi-protective effects. The particle size did not affect the nauplii survival when challenged with V. harveyi. Results also showed that the salutary effect of the tested glucans was associated with the upregulation of innate immune genes such as lipopolysaccharide and beta-1,3-glucan-binding protein (lgbp), high mobility group box protein (hmgb), and prophenoloxidase (proPO). Interestingly, the up-regulation of superoxidase dismutase (sod) and glutathione-stransferase (gst) was only observed in Gas1 treated group, indicating that Gas1 could function to induce higher reactive oxygen species and stronger immunomodulatory function in A. franciscana, and therefore higher survival rate. The expression of heat shock protein 70 (hsp70), peroxinectin (pm), and down syndrome cell adhesion molecule (dscam) remain unaltered in response to glucan treatment. Taken together, this study provides insights into the structure-function relationship of beta-glucan and the results confirmed that beta-glucan can be an effective immunostimulant in aquaculture, especially the Gas1 glucan.
|
|
| 5. |
- Baruah, Kartik
(författare)
-
Differential expression of immune-related biomarkers in primary cultures from Atlantic salmon ( Salmo salar ) exposed to processed Paecilomyces variotii with or without inactivated Moritella viscosa
- 2024
-
Ingår i: Fish and Shellfish Immunology. - 1050-4648 .- 1095-9947. ; 148
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Paecilomyces variotii (a filamentous fungus), is a promising novel protein source in fish feeds due to its high nutritional value. Also, P. variotii has Microbial-Associated Molecular Patterns (MAMPs) such as glucans and nucleic acids that could modulate the host's immune response. To understand the potential bioactive properties of this fungus in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar), our study was conducted to evaluate the gene expression of immune-related biomarkers (e.g., cytokines, effector molecules and receptors) on primary cultures from salmon head kidney (HKLs) and spleen leukocytes (SLs) exposed to either UV inactivated or fractions from P. variotii with or without inactivated Moritella viscosa (a skin pathogen in salmonids). Moreover, the effect of the fermentation conditions and down-stream processing on the physical ultrastructure and cell wall glucan content of P. variotii was characterized. The results showed that drying had a significant effect on the cell wall ultrastructure of the fungi and the choice of fermentation has a significant effect on the quantity of beta-glucans in P. variotii. Furthermore, stimulating Atlantic salmon HKLs and SLs with P. variotii and its fractions induced gene expression related to pro-inflammatory (tnf alpha, il1 beta) and antimicrobial response (cath2) in HKLs, while response in SLs was related to both pro-inflammatory and regulatory response (tnf alpha, il6 and il10). Similarly, the stimulation with inactivated M. viscosa alone led to an up-regulation of genes related to pro-inflammatory (tnf alpha, il1 beta, il6) antimicrobial response (cath2), intra-cellular signalling and recognition of M. viscosa (sclra, sclrb) and a suppression of regulatory response (il10) in both HKLs and SLs. Interestingly, the co-stimulation of cells with P. variotii and M. viscosa induced immune homeostasis (il6, tgf beta) and antimicrobial response (cath2) in SLs at 48h. Thus, P. variotii induces immune activation and cellular communication in Atlantic salmon HKLs and SLs and modulates M. viscosa induced pro-inflammatory responses in SLs. Taken together, the results from physical and chemical characterization of the fungi, along with the differential gene expression of key immune biomarkers, provides a theoretical basis for designing feeding trials and optimize diets with P. variotii as a functional novel feed ingredient for Atlantic salmon.
|
|
| 6. |
- Donpudsa, Suchao, et al.
(författare)
-
Proteinase inhibitory activities of two two-domain Kazal proteinase inhibitors from the freshwater crayfish Pacifastacus leniusculus and the importance of the P2 position in proteinase inhibitory activity
- 2010
-
Ingår i: Fish and Shellfish Immunology. - : Elsevier BV. - 1050-4648 .- 1095-9947. ; 29:5, s. 716-723
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Serine proteinase inhibitors are found ubiquitously in living organisms and involved in homeostasis of processes using proteinases as well as innate immune defense. Two two-domain Kazal-type serine proteinase inhibitors (KPIs), KPI2 and KPI8, have been identified from the hemocyte cDNA library of the crayfish Pacifastacus leniusculus. Unlike other KPIs from P. leniusculus, they are found specific to the hernocytes and contain an uncommon P-2 amino acid residue, Gly. To unveil their inhibitory activities, the two KPIs and their domains were over-expressed. By testing against subtilisin, trypsin, chymotrypsin and elastase, the KPI2 was found to inhibit strongly against subtilisin and weakly against trypsin, while the KPI8 was strongly active against only trypsin. With their P-1 Set and Lys residues, the KPI2_domain2 and KPI8_domain2 were responsible for strong inhibition against subtilisin and trypsin, respectively. Mutagenesis of KPI8_domain1 at P-2 amino acid residue from Gly to Pro, mimicking the P-2 residue of KPI8_domain2, rendered the KPI8_domain1 strongly active against trypsin, indicating the important role of P-2 residue in inhibitory activities of the Kazal-type serine proteinase inhibitors. Only the KPI2 was found to inhibit against the extracellular serine proteinases from the pathogenic oomycete of the freshwater crayfish, Aphanomyces astaci.
|
|
| 7. |
|
|
| 8. |
- Espinosa-Ruiz, Cristóbal, et al.
(författare)
-
Immunotoxicological effects of perfluorooctanesulfonic acid on European seabass are reduced by polyethylene microplastics
- 2023
-
Ingår i: Fish and Shellfish Immunology. - : Elsevier. - 1050-4648 .- 1095-9947. ; 137
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Marine environments receive plastic waste, where it suffers a transformation process into smaller particles. Among them, microplastics (MPs; <5 mm) are ingested by aquatic organisms leading to negative effects on animal welfare. The interactions between MPs, contaminants and organisms are poorly understood. To clarify this issue, European seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax L.) were fed with diets supplemented with 0 (control), polyethylene (PE) MPs (100 mg/kg diet), perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS, 4.83 μg/kg diet) or PFOS adsorbed to MPs (MPs-PFOS; final concentrations of 4.83 μg and 100 mg of PFOS and MP per kg of feed, respectively). Samples of skin mucus, serum, head-kidney (HK), liver, muscle, brain and intestine were obtained. PFOS levels were high in the liver of fish fed with the PFOS-diet, and markedly reduced when adsorbed to MPs. Compared to the control groups, liver EROD activity did not show any significant changes, whereas brain and muscle cholinesterase activities were decreased in all the groups. The histological and morphometrical study on liver and intestine showed significant alterations in fish fed with the experimental diets. At functional level, all the experimental diets affected the humoral (peroxidase, IgM, protease and bactericidal activities) as well as cellular (phagocytosis, respiratory burst and peroxidase) activities of HK leukocytes, being more marked those effects caused by the PFOS diet. Besides, treatments produced inflammation and oxidative stress as evidenced at gene level. Principal component analysis demonstrated that seabass fed with MPs-PFOS showed more similar effects to MPs alone than to PFOS. Overall, seabass fed with MPs-PFOS diet showed similar or lower toxicological alterations than those fed with MPs or PFOS alone demonstrating the lack of additive effects or even protection against PFOS toxicity.
|
|
| 9. |
- Gadan, K, et al.
(författare)
-
Slow release cortisol implants result in impaired innate immune responses and higher infection prevalence following experimental challenge with infectious pancreatic necrosis virus in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) parr.
- 2012
-
Ingår i: Fish & shellfish immunology. - : Elsevier BV. - 1095-9947 .- 1050-4648. ; 32:5, s. 637-44
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Stress can affect the immune system and increase susceptibility to various diseases but knowledge of the underlying mechanisms is scarce. There is a complex interaction between the immune system and the endocrine system of vertebrates. In fish, cortisol is a key hormone regulating stress response and recent studies have also suggested that this hormone can affect the immune system, where cortisol is mainly regarded as an immunosuppressive factor. The aim of the present study was to examine the impact of chronically elevated levels of cortisol on the immune response and susceptibility to experimental infection with infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV). Further, the effect of IPNV challenge on circulating levels of cortisol was investigated. Atlantic salmon parr were implanted intraperitoneally with sustained-release implants of bovine of cortisol (50 μg cortisol g(-1) body weight in an implant based on vegetable lipids). Vehicle implants were used as control (sham-injected). At 45 days after implantation (DAI), fish were challenged with a low virulent isolate of IPNV (by immersion). Samples of plasma, liver and head kidney was taken from fish before and 24 h, 48 h, 7 days week and 21 days post infection (DPI). Cortisol level in plasma was measured using radioimmunoassay and gene expression in liver and head kidney was analyzed with real-time PCR (RT-PCR). Infection prevalence in infected fish was assessed by virus culture and RT-PCR of head kidney samples. Cortisol implantation compared with sham-implanted fish had increased levels of plasma cortisol at 45 DAI. The relative expression of Interferon alpha-1 (IFNα-1), Myxo virus-1 Mx, Heat-shock protein 70 (HSP70), Serum amyloid A (SAA), Glucocorticoid receptor (GR) and Heat-shock protein 90 (HSP90) tends to be down-regulated by cortisol implantation. There was a higher prevalence of fish with detectable levels of IPNV, as measured by cell culture and RT-PCR, in the cortisol-implanted group challenged with IPNV (0 = 0.0305) relative to the group that received a sham implantation. Further, cortisol seems to delay the induction of the antiviral IFNα-1 pathway and Mx mRNA expression. This study shows that elevated plasma cortisol level leads to an impaired innate immune response, and higher virus (IPNV) prevalence in Atlantic salmon parr.
|
|
| 10. |
- Guo, Enen, et al.
(författare)
-
A Pacifastacus leniusculus serine protease interacts with WSSV
- 2017
-
Ingår i: Fish and Shellfish Immunology. - : Elsevier BV. - 1050-4648 .- 1095-9947. ; 68, s. 211-219
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Serine proteases are involved in many critical physiological processes including virus spread and replication. In the present study, we identified a new clip-domain serine protease (PIcSP) in the crayfish Pacifastacus leniusculus hemocytes, which can interact with the White Spot Syndrome Virus (WSSV) envelope protein VP28. It was characterized by a classic clip domain with six strictly conserved Cys residues, and contained the conserved His-Asp-Ser (H-D-S)motif in the catalytic domain. Furthermore, signal peptide prediction revealed that it has a 16-residue secretion signal peptide. Tissue distribution showed that it was mainly located in P. leniusculus hemocytes, and its expression was increased in hemocytes upon WSSV challenge. In vitro knock down of PIcSP decreased both the expression of VP28 and the WSSV copy number in hematopoietic stem (HPT) cells. Accordingly, these data suggest that the new serine protease may be of importance for WSSV infection into hematopoietic cells.
|
|
