| 1. |
- Bar, Laure, et al.
(författare)
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Impact of antigen density on recognition by monoclonal antibodies
- 2020
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Ingår i: Analytical Biochemistry. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 0003-2697 .- 1096-0309 .- 0003-2700 .- 1520-6882. ; 92:7, s. 5396-5403
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Understanding antigen–antibody interactions is important to many emerging medical and bioanalytical applications. In particular, the levels of antigen expression at the cell surface may determine antibody-mediated cell death. This parameter has a clear effect on outcome in patients undergoing immunotherapy. In this context, CD20 which is expressed in the membrane of B cells has received significant attention as target for immunotherapy of leukemia and lymphoma using the monoclonal antibody rituximab. To systematically study the impact of CD20 density on antibody recognition, we designed self-assembled monolayers that display tunable CD20 epitope densities. For this purpose, we developed in situ click chemistry to functionalize SPR sensor chips. We find that the rituximab binding affinity depends sensitively and nonmonotonously on CD20 surface density. Strongest binding, with an equilibrium dissociation constant (KD = 32 nM) close to values previously reported from in vitro analysis with B cells (apparent KD between 5 and 19 nM), was obtained for an average inter-antigen spacing of 2 nm. This distance is required for improving rituximab recognition, and in agreement with the known requirement of CD20 to form clusters to elicit a biological response. More generally, this study offers an interesting outlook in the understanding of the necessity of epitope clusters for effective mAb recognition.
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| 2. |
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| 5. |
- Lundberg, Peter, et al.
(författare)
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Nuclear magnetic resonance studies of cellular metabolism
- 1990
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Ingår i: Analytical Biochemistry. - 0003-2697 .- 1096-0309. ; 191:2, s. 193-222
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy was described in 1946 (1,2), initially as a method that had appeal only for nuclear physicists who used it to accurately determine nuclear magnetic moments. Thissituation changed rapidly, however, when it was demonstrated that the NMR frequency for the same nucleus in different chemical compounds was different (3). For example, two separate signals are observed in a 14N NMR spectrum of a solution of NH,NO,, representing the NH: and NO; ions, respectively (4). Since individual atoms within one molecule also give rise to resolved signals (5) it became clear that the NMR technique held great analytical potential, in particular since the spectra can be recorded in such a way that the area under a signal is directly proportional to its concentration. Such phenomena and various theoretical aspects of NMR are currently quite well understood (6,7). Because of these features NMR has become the foremost spectroscopic method for the analysis of all sorts of chemical compounds.
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| 6. |
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| 7. |
- Göransson, Ulf, et al.
(författare)
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Expression of Viola cyclotides by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry and tandem mass spectrometry sequencing of intercysteine loops after introduction of charges and cleavage sites by aminoethylation
- 2003
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Ingår i: Analytical Biochemistry. - 0003-2697 .- 1096-0309. ; 318:1, s. 107-117
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The expression of cyclotides—macrocyclic plant peptides—was profiled in six violets, Viola cotyledon, V. biflora, V. arvensis,V. tricolor, V. riviniana, and V. odorata, by LC-MS. All were found to express notably complex mixtures, with single speciescontaining >50 cyclotides. To facilitate their sequencing by MS-MS, an analytical strategy is presented involving aminoethylation ofcysteines. This overcomes a number of problems intimately associated with the cyclotide core structure—that is, their joined N and Ctermini, disulfide knot, and low or clustered content of positively charged amino acids and enzymatic cleavage sites. As a result,charges as well as cleavage sites are introduced at the most conserved part of their sequence, the cysteines. Combined with trypticdigestion, all intercysteine loops are then of suitable size and charge for MS-MS sequencing. The utility of this strategy is shown bythe sequencing of two novel cyclotides isolated from V. cotyledon; vico A (cyclo-(AESCVYIPCFTGIAGCSCKNKVCYYNGSIPC)) and vico B(cyclo-(AESCVYIPCITGIAGCSCKNKVCYYNGSIPC)); their complete sequence could be determined bynanospray MS-MS. The strategy for converting conserved cysteines to enzymatic cleavage sites might also benefit the study of otherpeptides and proteins displaying similar structural problems for MS analysis.
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| 8. |
- Kussak, Anders, et al.
(författare)
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Quadrupole ion-trap mass spectrometry to locate fatty acids on lipid A from Gram-negative bacteria
- 2002
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Ingår i: Analytical Biochemistry. - 0003-2697 .- 1096-0309. ; 307:1, s. 131-137
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The structure of lipid A released by mild acid hydrolysis from lipopolysaccharide from two strains of Shigella flexneri with different degrees of acylation was characterized using electrospray ionization (ESI) and ion-trap mass spectrometry. The lipid A was analyzed underivatized with ESI in negative-ion mode. With multiple stages of fragmentation (MSn), both the degree of acylation and the positions of the fatty acids on the disaccharide backbone could be determined. It was possible to determine the degree of acylation by the MSn technique, where in each MS stage the parent ion was an ion where one fatty acid had been eliminated. One way to determine the location of the fatty acids was by identifying cross-ring fragments of the reducing sugar from parent ions containing different numbers of fatty acids. Another was by identifying a possible charge-driven release of fatty acids situated close to a phosphate group. The fatty acids were otherwise eliminated by a charge-remote fragmentation mechanism. The combined data show the usefulness of ion-trap mass spectrometers for this type of analysis.
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| 9. |
- Lammi, Mikko, 1961-, et al.
(författare)
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Densitometric assay of nanogram quantities of proteoglycans precipitated on nitrocellulose membrane with Safranin O
- 1988
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Ingår i: Analytical Biochemistry. - : Academic Press. - 0003-2697 .- 1096-0309. ; 168:2, s. 352-357
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Proteoglycan (PG) and glycosaminoglycan (GAG) samples corresponding to a minimum of 10 ng of uronic acid were reliably quantified as precipitates with the cationic dye Safranin O, collected by vacuum-aided filtration onto a cellulose acetate/nitrate membrane in a standard 96-well dot assay apparatus. The reflectances of the precipitation dots were measured by automatic densitometric scanning of the membrane sheets. Standard GAGs produced reflectance values which were related to the number of anionic groups per unit disaccharide; hyaluronate and keratan sulfate gave lower values while heparin yielded values higher than those of chondroitin sulfates. The presence of 8 m urea, 1% Triton X-100, 30% sucrose, 0.02% NaN3, or mixtures of proteinase inhibitors and various buffers did not markedly influence the reflectances, while 4 m guanidinium chloride and 3 m CsCl reduced the sensitivity of the assay to 30–50 ng. Samples containing sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) were not applicable because SDS precipitated with Safranin O. Proteins showed virtually no response, while nucleic acids gave significant although smaller reflectances than GAGs. Owing to its marked sensitivity and convenience the method is particularly suitable for the detection of PGs during their preparative purification and fractionation as well as in various analytical assays.
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| 10. |
- Martin, Steven C., et al.
(författare)
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In vitro phosphorylation of serum albumin by two protein kinases : a potential pitfall in protein phosphorylation reactions
- 1986
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Ingår i: Analytical Biochemistry. - : Elsevier BV. - 0003-2697 .- 1096-0309. ; 154:2, s. 395-399
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Bovine albumin was phosphorylated by both cAMP-dependent protein kinase and casein kinase I to a significant extent. Other albumins were also tested and it was found that the extent of phosphorylation varied with the species of origin of the albumin, but was between 1 and 3 mol phosphate per mole albumin for the cAMP-dependent protein kinase-catalyzed reactions. The phosphorylation occurred at and above pH 7.5 and required the presence of thiol reagents. Phosphoamino acid analyses of bovine albumin showed that it was phosphorylated on at least two serine residues. The phosphorylation could not be demonstrated in vivo.
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