| 1. |
- Adama, Onyanta
(author)
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Urban governance and spatial inequality in service delivery : a case study of solid waste management in Abuja, Nigeria
- 2012
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In: Waste Management & Research. - : Sage Publications. - 0734-242X .- 1096-3669. ; 30:9
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Spatial inequality in service delivery is a common feature in African cities. Several factors account for the phenomenon but there is growing attention towards urban governance and the role of the state. Urban governance policies such as privatization serve as key strategies through which the state regulates and (re)produces spatial inequality in service delivery. This study examined how governance practices related to privatization and the regulatory role of the state reinforce spatial inequalities in the delivery of solid waste services in Abuja, Nigeria. It focused primarily on the issue of cost recovery. Privatization became a major focus in Abuja in 2003 when the government launched a pilot scheme. Although it has brought improvements in service delivery, privatization has also increased the gap in the quality of services delivered in different parts of the city. Drawing on empirical data, the study revealed that little sensitivity to income and affordability, and to income differentials between neighbourhoods in the fixing of user charges and in the choice of the billing method is contributing to spatial inequalities in service delivery. Furthermore, the study suggests that these practices are linked to a broader issue, a failure of the government to see the people as partners. It therefore calls for more inclusive governance especially in decision-making processes. The study also emphasizes the need for a policy document on solid waste management, as this would encourage a critical assessment of vital issues including how privatization is to be funded, especially inlow-income areas.
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| 2. |
- Andreas, Lale, et al.
(author)
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Effects of waste quality and landfill technology on the long-term behaviour of municipal landfills
- 1999
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In: Waste Management & Research. - 0734-242X .- 1096-3669. ; 17:6, s. 413-423
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The pollution potential of old municipal landfills of the former German Democratic Republic (GDR) is not as bad as expected, even taking into consideration that most lack environmental protection systems. Compared with specific conditions in the former GDR (such as production and consumption), the disposal of waste and the long-term behaviour of landfills clearly differs from that in the old German federal states. Low quantities of deposited waste created slowly growing landfills, and therefore led to rapid degradation processes still in the aerobic milieu. As a result of the increasing similarity of waste quantities and composition in the new and old federal states after 1990, waste deposited today can be expected to have similar long- term behaviour and emissions as existing old Federal Republic of Germany (FRG) landfills which were operating during the 1970s and 1980s.
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| 3. |
- Arvidsson, Anders, et al.
(author)
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Technology-neutral green procurement in practice : An example from Swedish waste management
- 2012
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In: Waste Management & Research. - 0734-242X .- 1096-3669. ; 30:5, s. 519-523
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Green public procurement has been criticized for its excessive reliance on detailed technology specifications, which can distort incentives in the short term and discourage innovation in the longer term. Economists therefore tend to prefer technology-neutral procurement, which rewards outcomes rather than technologies. However, technology-neutral procurement can also be problematic in practice. The present study investigated green public procurement of waste management, a rapidly growing field. In one of the most sophisticated models for technology-neutral procurement applied in Sweden in recent years, different environmental impacts were assigned weights, but no weight was given to the particular technology employed. Even here, however, potential inefficiencies were found where the scoring rule could have led to arbitrary, and presumably unwanted, outcomes. Explicitly assigning monetary surcharges to desirable and undesirable environmental effects may be a better way to reach environmental targets.
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| 4. |
- Arvidsson, Anders, et al.
(author)
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Technology-neutral green procurement in practice - an example from Swedish waste management
- 2012
-
In: Waste Management & Research. - : SAGE Publications. - 0734-242X. ; 30:5, s. 519-523
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Green public procurement has been criticized for its excessive reliance on detailed technology specifications, which can distort incentives in the short term and discourage innovation in the longer term. Economists therefore tend to prefer technology-neutral procurement, which rewards outcomes rather than technologies. However, technology-neutral procurement can also be problematic in practice. The present study investigated green public procurement of waste management, a rapidly growing field. In one of the most sophisticated models for technology-neutral procurement applied in Sweden in recent years, different environmental impacts were assigned weights, but no weight was given to the particular technology employed. Even here, however, potential inefficiencies were found where the scoring rule could have led to arbitrary, and presumably unwanted, outcomes. Explicitly assigning monetary surcharges to desirable and undesirable environmental effects may be a better way to reach environmental targets.
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| 5. |
- Bengtsson, A., et al.
(author)
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Composting of oily sludges - degradation, stabilized residues, volatiles and microbial activity
- 1998
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In: Waste Management & Research. - 0734-242X .- 1096-3669. ; 16:3, s. 273-284
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Process residuals, sludge with high oil content, were treated by composting. In lab-scale (100 litre) trials initial oil concentrations (30 to 50 g kg-1 dry matter) were, depending on composting conditions, reduced 55 to 90% during a period of 60 to 120 days. Besides carbon dioxide, a significant amount of oil was converted to stabilized residuals. A minor volatile fraction (5%) evaporated. High numbers (approximately 1 x 108 per gram dry compost) of oil degrading bacteria were detected during the high rate phases. Genetic fingerprinting (randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) indicated groups of related and potentially interesting isolates from these periods. RAPD also indicated that successions of the microflora took place over time. Initial oil contents (40 to 80 g kg-1 dry compost) in outdoor pilot composts (15,000 to 20,000 kg), were reduced 86 to 94% in 10 months. Prolonged treatment (5 months) resulted in further decreases, in total a 95 to 97% reduction. In spite of increased biological activity, neither the addition of organic (manure) nor inorganic (nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium) nutrients increased the speed or amount of oil degraded during the prolonged treatment. Among potentially hazardous organics, elevated levels of polyaromatic hydrocarbons were found in the original oily sludge. Composting with adequate substrate reduced most of them. With proper considerations, composting is suggested as a cost and treatment-effective way of handling these sludges.
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| 6. |
- Bhatnagar, Amit, et al.
(author)
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Hunting for valuables from landfills and assessing their market opportunities : A case study with Kudjape landfill in Estonia
- 2017
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In: Waste Management & Research. - : Sage Publications. - 0734-242X .- 1096-3669. ; 35:6, s. 627-635
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Landfill mining is an alternative technology that merges the ideas of material recycling and sustainable waste management. This paper reports a case study to estimate the value of landfilled materials and their respective market opportunities, based on a full-scale landfill mining project in Estonia. During the project, a dump site (Kudjape, Estonia) was excavated with the main objectives of extracting soil-like final cover material with the function of methane degradation. In total, about 57,777 m(3) of waste was processed, particularly the uppermost 10-year layer of waste. Manual sorting was performed in four test pits to determine the detailed composition of wastes. 11,610 kg of waste was screened on site, resulting in fine (<40 mm) and coarse (>40 mm) fractions with the share of 54% and 46%, respectively. Some portion of the fine fraction was sieved further to obtain a very fine grained fraction of <10 mm and analyzed for its potential for metals recovery. The average chemical composition of the <10 mm soil-like fraction suggests that it offers opportunities for metal (Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn) extraction and recovery. The findings from this study highlight the importance of implementing best available site-specific technologies for on-site separation up to 10 mm grain size, and the importance of developing and implementing innovative extraction methods for materials recovery from soil-like fractions.
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| 7. |
- Börjesson, Gunnar
(author)
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Inhibition of methane oxidation by volatile sulfur compounds (CH3SH and CS2) in landfill cover soils
- 2001
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In: Waste Management & Research. - 0734-242X .- 1096-3669. ; 19:4, s. 314-319
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Methanethiol and carbon disulphide were investigated for their ability to inhibit methane oxidation in two landfill cover soils. Methanethiol was found to be a competitive inhibitor, and at concentrations occurring in landfills, both these VSCs (volatile sulfur compounds) had inhibitory effects on the methane oxidation rates. Analysis of the phospholipid fatty acid contents in the soils indicated that type I, methanotrophs were more affected than type II. These effects of VSCs on methane oxidation are likely to have implications both for the establishment and the selectivity of a methane oxidizing microflora in landfills.
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| 8. |
- Chabuk, Ali, et al.
(author)
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Landfill site selection using geographic information system and analytical hierarchy process : A case study Al-Hillah Qadhaa, Babylon, Iraq
- 2016
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In: Waste Management & Research. - 0734-242X .- 1096-3669. ; 34:5, s. 427-437
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Al-Hillah Qadhaa is located in the central part of Iraq. It covers an area of 908 km2 with a total population of 856,804 inhabitants. This Qadhaa is the capital of Babylon Governorate. Presently, no landfill site exists in that area based on scientific site selection criteria. For this reason, an attempt has been carried out to find the best locations for landfills. A total of 15 variables were considered in this process (groundwater depth, rivers, soil types, agricultural land use, land use, elevation, slope, gas pipelines, oil pipelines, power lines, roads, railways, urban centres, villages and archaeological sites) using a geographic information system. In addition, an analytical hierarchy process was used to identify the weight for each variable. Two suitable candidate landfill sites were determined that fulfil the requirements with an area of 9.153 km2 and 8.204 km2. These sites can accommodate solid waste till 2030
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| 9. |
- Dahlén, Lisa, et al.
(author)
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Evaluation of recycling programmes in household waste collection systems
- 2010
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In: Waste Management & Research. - 0734-242X .- 1096-3669. ; 28:7, s. 577-586
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- A case study and a literature review have been carried out to address the two questions: how can waste flow data from collection systems be interpreted and compared? and which factors are decisive in the results of recycling programmes in household waste collection systems? The aim is to contribute to the understanding of how recycling programmes affect the quantity of waste and sorting activities. It is shown how the results from various waste sorting systems can be interpreted and made comparable. A set of waste flow indicators is proposed, which together with generic system descriptions can facilitate comparisons of different collections systems. The evaluation of collection systems depends on the system boundaries and will always be site-specific to some degree. Various factors are relevant, e.g. environmental objectives, technical function, operating costs, types of recyclable materials collected separately, property-close collection or drop-off systems, economic incentives, information strategies, residential structure, social codes, etc. Kerbside collection of recyclables and weight-based billing led to increased waste sorting activities in the case study. Forty-three decisive factors are listed and discussed.
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| 10. |
- Ebin, Burcak, 1983, et al.
(author)
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Recovery of industrial valuable metals from household battery waste
- 2019
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In: Waste Management and Research. - 1096-3669 .- 0734-242X. ; 37:2, s. 168-175
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- © The Author(s) 2019. The modern community is dependent on electronic devices such as remote controls, alarm clocks, electric shavers, phones and computers, all of which are powered by household batteries. Alkaline, zinc–carbon (Zn-C), nickel metal hydride, lithium and lithium-ion batteries are the most common types of household energy storage technologies in the primary and secondary battery markets. Primary batteries, especially alkaline and Zn-C batteries, are the main constituents of the collected spent battery stream due to their short lifetimes. In this research, the recycling of main battery components, which are steel shells, zinc (Zn) and manganese oxides, was investigated. Household batteries were collected in Gothenburg, Sweden and mechanically pretreated by a company, Renova AB. The steel shells from spent batteries were industrially separated from the batteries themselves and the battery black mass obtained. A laboratory-scale pyrolysis method was applied to recover the Zn content via carbothermic reduction. First, the carbothermic reaction of the battery black mass was theoretically studied by HSC Chemistry 9.2 software. The effect of the amount of carbon on the Zn recovery was then examined by the designed process at 950°C. The recovery efficiency of Zn from battery black mass was over 99%, and the metal was collected as metallic Zn particles in a submicron particle size range. The pyrolysis residue was composed of mainly MnO 2 with some minor impurities such as iron and potassium. The suggested recycling process is a promising route not only for the effective extraction of secondary resources, but also for the utilization of recovered products in advanced technology applications.
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