| 1. |
- Ekberg, Lars, 1962
(författare)
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Volatile organic compounds in office buildings
- 1993
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Ingår i: Atmospheric Environment. - 1873-2844 .- 1352-2310. ; 28:22, s. 3571-3575
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper concerns field measurements of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in five office buildings. The buildings were selected to represent buildings without obvious problems with regard to the indoor air quality. The total concentrations of VOCs (TVOC) were measured using two different detection principles. Both short-term measurements and continuous monitoring were carried out. The results show that the use of continuous TVOC monitoring can provide valuable information in addition to the results obtained by sampling. The indoor TVOC concentrations obtained by gas chromatography ranged from 0.16 to 0.35 mgm−3. The indoor-outdoor TVOC concentration difference obtained by photoacoustic spectroscopy was about twice as high during working hours as during the night time. Furthermore, it is indicated that VOCs in indoor environments do not only originate from construction materials and other internal sources. Outdoor sources can also have a substantial influence on the indoor VOC concentrations.
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| 2. |
- Fick, Jerker, et al.
(författare)
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A study of the gas-phase ozonolysis of terpenes: the impact of radicals formed during the reaction
- 2002
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Ingår i: Atmospheric Environment. - 1352-2310 .- 1873-2844. ; 36:20, s. 3299-3308
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The gas-phase ozonolysis of α-pinene, Δ3-carene and limonene was investigated at ppb levels and the impact of the ozone, relative air humidity (RH), and time was studied using experimental design. The amounts of terpene reacted varied in the different settings and were as high as 8.1% for α-pinene, 10.9% forΔ3-carene and 23.4% for limonene. The designs were able to describe almost all the variation in the experimental data and were also successful in predicting omitted values. The results described the effects of time and ozone and also showed that RH did not have a statistically significant effect on the ozonolysis. The results also showed that all three terpenes were affected by an additional oxidation of OH radicals and/or other reactive species. The results from the designs states that this additional oxidation was responsible for 40% of the total amount of α-pinene reacted, 33% of the total amount of Δ3-carene reacted and 41% of the total amount of limonene reacted at the settings 20 ppb terpene, 75 ppb ozone, 20% RH and a reaction time of 213 s. Additional experiments with 2-butanol as OH radical scavenger showed that the reaction with OH radicals was responsible for 37% of the total α-pinene reacted and 39% of the total Δ3-carene reacted at the same settings. The scavenger experiments also showed that there were no significant amounts of OH radicals formed during the ozonolysis of limonene. The results from the designs were also compared to a mathematical model in order to evaluate further the data.
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| 3. |
- Janhäll, Sara, et al.
(författare)
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Vertical distribution of air pollutants at the Gustavii Cathedral in Göteborg, Sweden
- 2003
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Ingår i: Atmospheric Environment. - : Elsevier. - 1352-2310 .- 1873-2844. ; 37:2, s. 209-217
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Atmospheric trace gases and particles were measured at two heights at the Gustavii Cathedral in Göteborg, Sweden, during 7 weeks in September and October 1999. The Gustavii Cathedral is situated in the city centre of Göteborg, which is near the harbour area and encircled by heavy traffic some hundred metres away. The main body of the church is as high as the surrounding buildings, while the tower extends well above. The sampling points were placed on the west wall of the tower at 10 and 32 meter height, i.e. well below and above the roof top level of surrounding buildings, respectively.Sulphur dioxide and nitric acid were sampled using the denuder technique and analysed by Ion Chromatography, IC. Total suspended particulates (TSP) were sampled using filter cups and subsequently analysed by energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (EDXRF). In addition to the diurnal sampling of species, nitrogen oxides were measured using chemiluminescence detectors. Additional data from the Environmental Office in Göteborg was used in the analysis.Differences between the concentrations measured at the upper and lower levels were calculated and their variation and dependence on meteorological factors were evaluated. On the average larger concentrations were found at the lower level for soil derived elements and TSP, while nitric acid and nitric oxide showed larger concentrations at the upper level. Sulphur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide, as well as many of the elements in the TSP, showed equal concentrations at the two levels. However, depending on wind direction the measured differences of nitrogen oxides could be both positive and negative.
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| 4. |
- Libiseller, Claudia, 1975-, et al.
(författare)
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Model selection for local and regional meteorological normalisation of background concentrations of tropospheric ozone
- 2003
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Ingår i: Atmospheric Environment. - 1352-2310 .- 1873-2844. ; 37:28, s. 3923-3931
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Meteorological normalisation of time series of air quality data aims to extract anthropogenic signals by removing natural fluctuations in the collected data. We showed that the currently used procedures to select normalisation models can cause over-fitting to observed data and undesirable smoothing of anthropogenic signals. A simulation study revealed that the risk of such effects is particularly large when: (i) the observed data are serially correlated, (ii) the normalisation model is selected by leave-one-out cross-validation, and (iii) complex models, such as artificial neural networks, are fitted to data. When the size of the test sets used in the cross-validation was increased, and only moderately complex linear models were fitted to data, the over-fitting was less pronounced. An empirical study of the predictive ability of different normalisation models for tropospheric ozone in Finland confirmed the importance of using appropriate model selection strategies. Moderately complex regional models involving contemporaneous meteorological data from a network of stations were found to be superior to single-site models as well as more complex regional models involving both contemporaneous and time-lagged meteorological data from a network of stations.
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| 5. |
- Molnár, Peter, 1967, et al.
(författare)
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Roadside measurements of fine and ultrafine particles at a major road north of Gothenburg
- 2002
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Ingår i: Atmospheric Environment. - 1352-2310 .- 1873-2844. ; 36:25, s. 4115-4123
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Particle measurements were conducted at a road site 15 km north of the city of Gothenburg for 3 weeks in June 2000. The size distribution between 10 and 368 nm was measured continuously by using a differential mobility particle sizer (DMPS) system. PM2.5 was sampled on a daily basis with subsequent elemental analysis using EDXRF-spectroscopy. The road is a straight four-lane road with a speed limit of 90 kph. The road passing the site is flat with no elevations where the vehicles run on a steady workload and with constant speed. The traffic intensity is about 20,000 cars per workday and 13,000 vehicles per day during weekends. The diesel fuel used in Sweden is low in sulphur content (< 10 ppm) and therefore the diesel vehicles passing the site contribute less to particle emissions in comparison with other studies. A correlation between PM2.5 and accumulation mode particles (100-368 nm) was observed. However, no significant correlation was found between number concentrations of ultrafine particles (10-100 nm) and PM2.5 or the accumulation mode number concentration. The particle distribution between 10 and 368 nm showed great dependency on wind speed and wind direction, where the wind speed was the dominant factor for ultrafine (10-100nm) particle concentrations. The difference in traffic intensity between workday and weekend together with wind data made it possible to single out the traffic contribution to particle emissions and measure the size distribution. The results presented in combination with previous studies show that both PM2.5 and the mass of accumulation mode particles are bad estimates for ultrafine particles. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
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| 6. |
- Pommer, Linda, et al.
(författare)
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Development of a NO2 scrubber for accurate sampling of ambient levels of terpenes
- 2002
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Ingår i: Atmospheric Environment. - 1352-2310 .- 1873-2844. ; 36:9, s. 1443-1452
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The result of pumping air containing 56 ppb NO2 through a terpene-spiked adsorbent (90–130 ng, 90–100 ml min−1), Tenax TA, for 20 min (1.8–2.0 l) was that 8% of α-pinene, 7% of β-pinene, 21% of Δ3-carene and 5% of limonene were oxidised. In similar experiments with air containing 56 ppb O3, 3% of α-pinene, 4% of β-pinene, 10% of Δ3-carene and 38% of limonene were oxidised. Sampling a mixture of a terpene and NO2 using Tenax TA can give unwanted overestimation of the amount of reaction products from the terpene–NO2 reaction or underestimation of the original terpene levels. A scrubber was needed to reduce the problems caused by interfering reactions on the adsorbent of NO2 and to reduce discrimination of reactive compounds due to their relatively fast decay on the adsorbent. Several chemicals have been tested for their ability of removing NO2 and our objective was to develop a well functioning, reusable, easy to handle, easy manufactured NO2 scrubber. The result of the experiments was a scrubber consisting of two glass fibre filters coated with Na2SO3 assembled in a dust collector. The recovery of the terpenes through the scrubber varied between 75% and 97% at 15–75% relative humidity, and the scrubber is a one-use scrubber due to memory effects. The Na2SO3 scrubber could be stored in room air for at least one month without loosing the capacity of removing NO2.
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| 7. |
- Wingfors, Håkan, et al.
(författare)
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Characterisation and determination of profiles of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in a traffic tunnel in Gothenburg, Sweden
- 2001
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Ingår i: Atmospheric Environment. - 1352-2310 .- 1873-2844. ; 35:36, s. 6361-6369
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The concentrations of semi-volatile polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), hydrocarbons (HCs), particulate matter (PM 1, 2.5 and 10 μm) and total suspended particles (TSPs) were measured in a traffic tunnel in Gothenburg, Sweden. Emission factors (EFs) were also calculated. These variables are assumed to provide good estimates of average vehicle emissions, since all types of vehicle, using all types of fuel, pass through this tunnel. It was shown that the majority of particle-associated PAHs were found on particles with an aerodynamic diameter of <1 μm. The concentrations of PAHs were one order higher in magnitude in air samples from the tunnel than in air samples at two urban locations. However, the PAH profiles of air samples from the tunnel and the urban sites were similar. This was demonstrated using principal component analysis (PCA). Finally, and notably, there was no significant change in the total emissions when the proportion of heavy-duty vehicles (HDVs) increased from 8% to 24%. Previously, diesel vehicles had been found to release larger quantities of PAHs and related substances. Advances in fuel quality, and HDV motor and exhaust system design during the last decade may have contributed to this promising result. However, it was shown, using partial least squares regression to latent structures (PLS), that some of the parameters measured displayed correlations with the proportions of HDVs and light-duty vehicles (LDVs). Concentrations of total HCs, TSPs, dibenzothiopene, phenantrene, anthracene and monomethyl-derivatives of phenantrene and anthracene were all correlated to the proportion of HDVs. The concentrations of naphthalene, some mono- and dimethylnaphthalenes and most large PAHs (with 5–7 fused rings) were correlated to the proportion of LDVs.
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| 8. |
- Adachi, Kouji, et al.
(författare)
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Composition and mixing state of individual aerosol particles from northeast Greenland and Svalbard in the Arctic during spring 2018
- 2023
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Ingår i: Atmospheric Environment. - 1352-2310 .- 1873-2844. ; 314
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The Arctic region is warming about four times faster than the rest of the globe, and thus it is important to understand the processes driving climate change in this region. Aerosols are a significant component of the Arctic climate system as they form ice crystals and liquid droplets that control the dynamics of clouds and also directly interact with solar radiation, depending on the compositions and mixing states of individual particles. Here, we report on the characteristics of submicron-sized aerosol particles using transmission electron microscopy obtained at two high Arctic sites, northeast Greenland (Villum Research Station) and Svalbard (Zeppelin Observatory), during spring 2018. The results showed that a dominant compound in the submicron-sized spring aerosols was sulfate, followed by sea salt particles. Both model simulations and observations at the Zeppelin Observatory showed that sea salt particles became more prevalent when low-pressure systems passed by the station. Model simulations indicate that both sampling sites were affected by diffused and diluted long-range transport of anthropogenic aerosols from lower latitudes with negligible influences of biomass burning emissions during the observation period. Overall, the composition of measured aerosol particles from the two Arctic sites was generally similar and showed no apparent variation except for the sea salt fractions. This study shows a general picture of high Arctic aerosol particles influenced by marine sources and diffused long-range transport of anthropogenic sources during the Arctic spring period. These results will contribute to a better knowledge of the aerosol composition and mixing state during the Arctic spring, which helps to understand the contributions of aerosols to the Arctic climate.
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| 9. |
- Ahmed, Trifa M., et al.
(författare)
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Native and oxygenated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in ambient air particulate matter from the city of Sulaimaniyah in Iraq
- 2015
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Ingår i: Atmospheric Environment. - : Elsevier BV. - 1352-2310 .- 1873-2844. ; 116, s. 44-50
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The concentrations of 43 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and 4 oxygenated PAHs (OPAHs) are reported for the first time in particulate matter (PM10) sampled in the air of the city of Sulaimaniyah in Iraq. The total PAH concentration at the different sampling sites varied between 9.3 and 114 ng/m(3). The corresponding values of the human carcinogen benzotalpyrene were between 0.3 and 6.9 ng/m(3), with most samples exceeding the EU annual target value of 1 ng/m(3). The highly carcinogenic dibenzopyrene isomers dibenzo[a,l]pyrene, dibenzo[a,e]pyrene, dibenzo[a,i]pyrene and dibenzo[a,h]pyrene constituted 0.1-0.4% of the total PAH concentration. However, when scaling for relative cancer potencies using toxic equivalency factors, a benzo[a]pyrene equivalent concentration of dibenzo[a,l]pyrene equal to that of benzo[a]pyrene was obtained, indicating that the contribution of dibenzo[a,l]pyrene to the carcinogenicity of the PAHs could be similar to that of benzo[a]pyrene. A high correlation between the determined concentrations of the dibenzopyrene isomers and benzo[a]pyrene was found, which supported the use of benzo[a]pyrene as an indicator for the carcinogenicity of PAHs in ambient air. The total concentrations of the four OPAHs, 9,10-anthraquinone, 4H-cyclopenta[def]phenanthren-4-one, benzanthrone, and 7,12-benz[a]anthraquinone, varied between 0.6 and 8.1 ng/m(3), with 9,10-anthraquinone being the most abundant OPAH in all of the samples.
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| 10. |
- Ahn, Seo H., et al.
(författare)
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Relationship between cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) concentration and aerosol optical depth in the Arctic region
- 2021
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Ingår i: Atmospheric Environment. - : Elsevier BV. - 1352-2310 .- 1873-2844. ; 267
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- To determine the direct and indirect effects of aerosols on climate, it is important to know the spatial and temporal variations in cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) concentrations. Although many types of CCN measurements are available, extensive CCN measurements are challenging because of the complexity and high operating cost, especially in remote areas. As aerosol optical depth (AOD) can be readily observed by remote sensing, many attempts have been made to estimate CCN concentrations from AOD. In this study, the CCN-AOD relationship is parameterized based on CCN ground measurements from the Zeppelin Observatory (78.91 degrees N, 11.89 degrees E, 474 m asl) in the Arctic region. The AOD measurements were obtained from the Ny-Alesund site (78.923 degrees N, 11.928 degrees E) and Modern-Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Applications, Version 2 reanalysis. Our results show a CCN-AOD correlation with a coefficient of determination R-2 of 0.59. Three additional estimation models for CCN were presented based on the following data: (i) in situ aerosol chemical composition, (ii) in situ aerosol optical properties, and (iii) chemical composition of AOD obtained from reanalysis data. The results from the model using in situ aerosol optical properties reproduced the observed CCN concentration most efficiently, suggesting that the contribution of BC to CCN concentration should be considered along with that of sulfate.
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