| 1. |
- Andre, M., et al.
(författare)
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Driving speeds in Europe for pollutant emissions estimation
- 2000
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Ingår i: Transportation Research Part D. - 1361-9209 .- 1879-2340. ; 5:5, s. 321-335
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The sensitivity of the pollutant emissions as regards the driving speed is demonstrated using emission functions currently available from the literature. An accurate and detailed knowledge of the actual driving speeds is then fundamental for emissions estimations and inventories. However, speed information is often limited and heterogeneous. Through a European synthesis, we examine the various means of investigations: surveys, vehicle instrumentation, traffic modelling, etc. The available statistics provide a high number of reference values for passenger cars and duty vehicles by broad categories and highlight the influence of numerous factors on speed: time period, city size and area, trips origin and destination and vehicle types. Speed estimations and ranges are proposed for the driving in urban areas, on rural roads and on motorways. The significant variations of the speed according to the time of the day, to the areas of a city, and the large dispersion for a given situation raise the question of using single average values. In fact, emissions estimation can be affected by 30% by the quality of the driving speed data. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.The sensitivity of the pollutant emissions as regards the driving speed is demonstrated using emission functions currently available from the literature. An accurate and detailed knowledge of the actual driving speeds is then fundamental for emissions estimations and inventories. However, speed information is often limited and heterogeneous. Through a European synthesis, we examine the various means of investigations: surveys, vehicle instrumentation, traffic modelling, etc. The available statistics provide a high number of reference values for passenger cars and duty vehicles by broad categories and highlight the influence of numerous factors on speed: time period, city size and area, trips origin and destination and vehicle types. Speed estimations and ranges are proposed for the driving in urban areas, on rural roads and on motorways. The significant variations of the speed according to the time of the day, to the areas of a city, and the large dispersion for a given situation raise the question of using single average values. In fact, emissions estimation can be affected by 30% by the quality of the driving speed data.
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| 2. |
- Höjer, Mattias
(författare)
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Transport telematics in urban systems : A backcasting Delphi study
- 1998
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Ingår i: Transportation Research Part D. - 1361-9209 .- 1879-2340. ; 3:6, s. 445-463
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper includes a presentation of the results from a scenario study on transport telematics in urban passenger transport. An international Delphi panel of 100 experts from 20 countries replied to questions on the feasibility and impact of a restricted number of different technical scenarios. The results show that most experts see substantial potential for limiting certain transport problems if there is broad implementation of transport telematics as described in this study. The majority of experts favoured a scenario based on extended public transport information. In that scenario, environmental gains were in practice paid for in terms of less comfortable trips and longer travel times.
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| 3. |
- Abbasi, Maisam, et al.
(författare)
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Developing environmentally sustainable logistics : exploring themes and challenges from a logistics service providers' perspective
- 2016
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Ingår i: Transportation Research Part D. - : Elsevier. - 1361-9209 .- 1879-2340. ; 46, s. 273-283
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The purpose of this paper is to explore themes and challenges in developing environmentally sustainable logistical activities. The approach is explorative with a cross sectional design that takes advantage of ten case studies out of selected logistics service providers (LSPs) operating primarily in the Scandinavian countries The findings illustrate the major themes by analyzing current and future activities in developing environmentally sustainable logistical activities. In addition, four categories of challenges are identified: customer priorities, managerial complexity, network imbalance, and technological and legislative uncertainties. It is concluded that there is a great need for a holistic perspective where LSPs and product owners together analyze and design future logistical setups The suggested holistic and integrative model, building on a three-dimensional concurrent engineering framework, provides new opportunities for research. Further research is needed to improve the interrelationship between LSPs and their customers in the development of sustainable logistical solutions This paper puts forward recommendations for the sustainable development of logistics by combining the results from the case studies with a review of related literature. This will be beneficial for managers and policy makers when they approach sustainable logistical challenges. The emergence and synthesis of themes and challenges are critical for a sustainable society. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved
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| 4. |
- Andersson, Peter, et al.
(författare)
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Green approaches at sea - The benefits of adjusting speed instead of anchoring
- 2017
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Ingår i: Transportation Research Part D. - : PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD. - 1361-9209 .- 1879-2340. ; 51, s. 240-249
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this paper, the concept green approaches already used in aviation is applied to cargo transportation at sea. Instead of anchoring outside a port waiting for berth, ships can adjust their speed to arrive just in time for berthing. With improved incentives for reducing speed and shared information about berthing times, green approaches instead of anchoring can be a way to reduce fuel consumption and emissions without increasing the transit times of goods. The present study estimates the benefits to society as a whole for the EU ports in the Baltic Sea with Automatic Identification System data applying a new method using data collected in real time. Data consists of all anchored ships awaiting berth on 40 different occasions in 2015 and are subsequently extrapolated to a year. Fuel consumption by the individual ships, emissions and values are calculated from the detailed data with established models and estimates of unit values. The potential benefits are estimated at 27 million euros per year in the scenario where the near 15,000 anchorings by ships annually awaiting berth may instead start a green approach 12 h prior to arrival and may reduce speed by 25%, using the middle unit values for fuel and emissions. The methodology used in the paper can be applied to estimate the benefits of green approaches in other areas with anchored vessels. (C) 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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| 5. |
- Baclet, Sacha, et al.
(författare)
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From strategic noise maps to receiver-centric noise exposure sensitivity mapping
- 2022
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Ingår i: Transportation Research Part D. - : Elsevier BV. - 1361-9209 .- 1879-2340. ; 102, s. 103114-103114
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Road traffic is a major source of environmental noise pollution in urban areas. While strategic noise maps are widely used to identify the critical areas and propose mitigation plans, more specific tools are needed to evaluate the impact from traffic noise such as overall population exposure or anticipated impact from specific vehicles in varying spatiotemporal traffic conditions.The present contribution proposes a receiver-centric mapping approach, introducing “noise-exposure sensitivity maps”, meant to assess the potential noise exposure impact from a specific vehicle in a given network, quantifying the associated exceedance over the prevailing background noise, under varying spatiotemporal traffic conditions. The resulting maps are thus focussed on a representation of the receiver exposure as opposed to considering the noise emission and propagation alone.The complete methodology, its underlying assumptions, and possible applications such as route optimisation are demonstrated on realistic scenarios.
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| 6. |
- Baclet, Sacha, et al.
(författare)
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Near-real-time dynamic noise mapping and exposure assessment using calibrated microscopic traffic simulations
- 2023
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Ingår i: Transportation Research Part D. - : Elsevier BV. - 1361-9209 .- 1879-2340. ; 124
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- With prospective applications ranging from improving the understanding of the daily and seasonal dynamics of noise exposure to raising public awareness of the associated health effects, dynamic noise mapping in real time is one of the next milestones in environmental acoustics. The present contribution proposes a methodology for near-real-time dynamic noise mapping, enabling the generation of dynamic noise maps and the calculation of advanced noise exposure indicators, here arbitrarily established for the previous day, on the scale of large urban areas. This methodology consists in (i) collecting live traffic counts, measured using dedicated IoT sensors, (ii) calibrating a microscopic traffic simulation using these sparsely distributed traffic counts, (iii) modelling noise emission and propagation from the microscopic traffic simulation, and finally, (iv) post-processing the noise simulation output for the calculation of a wide range of exposure indicators. The applicability of the method is demonstrated on the city of Tartu, Estonia.
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| 7. |
- Brusselaers, Nicolas, et al.
(författare)
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Rerouting urban construction transport flows to avoid air pollution hotspots
- 2023
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Ingår i: Transportation Research Part D. - : Elsevier. - 1361-9209 .- 1879-2340. ; 119
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Currently, over 96% of the urban population is exposed to exceeding air pollution concentrations. Freight transport daily engenders €61,604 of air pollution health costs in the Brussels-Capital Region (BCR), of which 60% is incurred by vulnerable population segments. The construction sector is responsible for 26.40% of truck traffic in the BCR. This paper examines the exposure effects when off-site construction logistics flows are redirected around air pollution hotspots. Consequently, alternative routing scenarios are computed, and its emission dispersed assuming a Gaussian relation. Concentrations are then associated to spatiotemporal receptor densities. The health impact is monetized using hospital exposure-response functions. While overall emissions increase across all scenarios, health costs are mitigated up to 25.53% by rerouting existing flows. This study suggests to decouple policies from absolute transport emissions and focus on its health impact, considering spatiotemporal dynamics of both emissions and receptors.
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| 8. |
- Böcker, Lars, et al.
(författare)
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Pandemic impacts on public transport safety and stress perceptions in Nordic cities
- 2023
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Ingår i: Transportation Research Part D. - : Elsevier. - 1361-9209 .- 1879-2340. ; 114
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- COVID-19 has brought severe disruption and demand suppression to mobility, especially to public transport (PT). A key challenge now is to restore trust that PT is safe again. This paper investigates pandemic impacts on PT safety and stress perceptions in three Nordic cities, drawing on 2018 and 2020 survey data analysed in structural equation models. While finding modest pandemic effects on safety and stress perceptions overall, strong heterogeneities exist across gender, age and geographic categories. Women perceive less PT safety and more stress, especially during the pandemic. Older adults reduced PT more during the pandemic and perceived no stress reduction like younger adults. Stockholm travellers feel less safe and more stressed than in Oslo and Bergen, whilst pandemic PT use and perceived safety reductions are least in Bergen. The paper discusses the long-term implications for theory and policy across multiple mobility scenarios accounting for modal change and travel demand uncertainties.
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| 9. |
- Böcker, Lars, et al.
(författare)
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Weather and daily mobility in international perspective : A cross-comparison of Dutch, Norwegian and Swedish city regions
- 2019
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Ingår i: Transportation Research Part D. - : Elsevier. - 1361-9209 .- 1879-2340. ; 77, s. 491-505
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- With climate change, weather has emerged as an important theme in transport research and planning. Although recent studies demonstrate profound weather effects on mobility in single case study areas, international cross-comparisons are required to reveal how effects differ between cities with different transport and climate regimes. This paper provides an international cross-comparison of the simultaneous effects of weather on destination choices, distances, trip chaining, and transport modes in the urban regions of Utrecht (Netherlands), Oslo and Stavanger (Norway), and Stockholm (Sweden). Hereto, regional subsamples of national travel survey data were linked to meteorological records for the three respective countries and analysed in generalised Structural Equation Models. Our findings generally indicate that light, calm, dry and warm atmospheric conditions may positively affect cycling and the selection of outdoor leisure destinations, while cold and to a lesser extent wet and windy weather conditions reduce cycling and enhance car use and travel optimising strategies like trip chaining, to reduce weather exposures. A positive effect of air temperature on cycling flattens out above 20–25 °C in most of our study areas, but hot weather does not seem to reduce cycling strongly. However, our findings also show considerable regional differences in the effects of weather on mobility. Both general effects and differences are interpreted in relation to geographical context, transport and land use, climate conditions, cultures, habits and adaptations and are discussed to formulate policies to mitigate active transport mode users’ exposures to adverse weather and make walking and cycling (even more) year-round modes.
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| 10. |
- Börjesson, Martin, 1980, et al.
(författare)
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Biofuel futures in road transport - A modeling analysis for Sweden
- 2014
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Ingår i: Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment. - : Elsevier BV. - 1361-9209 .- 1879-2340. ; 32, s. 239-252
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- First and second generation biofuels are among few low-carbon alternatives for road transport that currently are commercially available or in an early commercialization phase. They are thus potential options for meeting climate targets in the medium term. For the case of Sweden, we investigate cost-efficient use of biofuels in road transport under system-wide CO2 reduction targets to 2050, and the effects of implementation of targets for an almost fossil-free road transport sector to 2030. We apply the bottom-up, optimization MARKAL_Sweden model, which covers the entire Swedish energy system including the transport sector. For CO2 reductions of 80% to 2050 in the Swedish energy system as a whole, the results of the main scenario show an annual growth rate for road transport biofuels of about 6% from 2010 to 2050, with biofuels accounting for 78% of road transport final energy use in 2050. The preferred biofuel choices are methanol and biomethane. When introducing additional fossil fuel phase-out policies in road transport (-80% to 2030), a doubling of the growth rate to 2030 is required and system CO2 abatement costs increases by 6% for the main scenario. Results imply that second generation biofuels, along with energy-efficient vehicle technologies such as plug-in hybrids, can be an important part of optimized system solutions meeting stringent medium-term climate targets.
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