| 1. |
- Adamou, Evangelia, et al.
(författare)
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Unevenly mixed Romani languages
- 2015
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Ingår i: International Journal of Bilingualism. - : SAGE Publications. - 1367-0069 .- 1756-6878. ; 19:5, s. 525-547
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study reports on language mixing in two Romani communities, with a century-long presence in Finland and in Greece respectively. A quantitative analysis of free-speech data shows that verbs from the contact languages, Finnish and Turkish, are systematically inserted into a dominant Romani speech with their respective Finnish and Turkish tense, mood, aspect, and person morphology. The insertion in language A of non-integrated single words from language B is atypical for classic code-switching and borrowing, but is a well-known mechanism in the creation of mixed languages. Unlike mixed languages, however, where no single dominant language can be identified, Romani is the main component in the corpora under study. We suggest that this type of Romani language mixing illustrates an early stage of mixed language formation that did not develop into an independent mixed language, owing to changes in the sociopolitical settings.
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| 2. |
- Aktürk Drake, Memet
(författare)
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Language dominance as a factor in loanword phonology
- 2017
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Ingår i: International Journal of Bilingualism. - : SAGE Publications. - 1367-0069 .- 1756-6878. ; 21:5, s. 584-599
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The aim of this paper is to examine the role of language dominance in loanword phonology. It is investigated how onset clusters in loanwords are integrated into Turkish by two groups: English-Turkish bilinguals in Turkey and Swedish-Turkish bilinguals in Sweden. It is hypothesised that the bilinguals in Sweden will display significantly higher rates of cluster adoption because Turkish is not the dominant language there.The data were collected through an oral loanword elicitation task, a text recitation task in the second languages and a questionnaire on language proficiency and use.The study had 53 participants (24 in Turkey and 29 in Sweden). The material consisted of 29 loanwords from English and French, and of 50 structurally comparable words in the bilinguals’ second languages. The data were analysed auditively by the author and subjected to an interrater reliability test.The results confirmed the hypothesis as the bilinguals in Sweden displayed significantly higher cluster adoption rates. The difference between the groups’ medians was 36.5 percentage points. Furthermore, it was shown that in individual speakers the combination of accurate second-language pronunciation, and clearly higher proficiency in the second language (corresponding to the donor language) compared to the L1 (i.e. the recipient language) guaranteed very high cluster adoption rates.This paper provides the first rigorous quantitative proof for the theoretical assumption that accurate pronunciation is not sufficient for structural adoption in loanword phonology but needs to be complemented with sociolinguistic variables. Furthermore, it demonstrates in greater detail than before how societal and individual dominance are connected and through which channels they impact loanword integration.Self-reported relative proficiency in the donor language was shown to be a powerful predictor of the sociolinguistic incentive to adopt and could therefore be used as a quick and reliable alternative to elaborate and time-consuming attitude investigations in loanword phonology.
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| 3. |
- Berghoff, Robyn, et al.
(författare)
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L2 activation during L1 processing is increased by exposure but decreased by proficiency
- 2023
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Ingår i: International Journal of Bilingualism. - 1367-0069 .- 1756-6878.
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Aims: The study investigates the effects of L2 proficiency and L2 exposure on L2-to-L1 cross-language activation (CLA) in L1-dominant bilinguals. In so doing, it tests the predictions made by prominent models of the bilingual lexicon regarding how language experience modulates CLA. Design: The participants (27 L1-dominant L1 English-L2 Afrikaans speakers) completed a visual world eye-tracking task, conducted entirely in English, in which they saw four objects on a screen: a target object, which they were instructed to click on; a competitor object, whose Afrikaans label overlapped phonetically at onset with the English target object label; and two unrelated distractors. Language background data were collected using the Language History Questionnaire 3.0. Analysis: A growth curve analysis was performed to investigate the extent to which the background variables modulated looks to the Afrikaans competitor item versus to the two unrelated distractor items. Findings: Increased L2 exposure was associated with greater CLA, which is consistent with models suggesting that exposure modulates the likelihood and speed with which a linguistic item becomes activated. Moreover, CLA was reduced at higher levels of L2 proficiency, which aligns with accounts of the bilingual lexicon positing that parasitism of the L2 on the L1 is reduced at higher proficiency levels, leading to reduced CLA. Originality: L2 activation during L1 processing and the variables that modulate it are not well documented, particularly among L1 speakers with limited proficiency in and exposure to the L2. Significance: The findings contribute to the evaluation of competing accounts of bilingual lexical organization.
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| 4. |
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| 5. |
- Bylund, Emanuel
(författare)
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Segmentation and temporal structuring of events in early Spanish-Swedish bilinguals
- 2011
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Ingår i: International Journal of Bilingualism. - : SAGE Publications. - 1367-0069 .- 1756-6878. ; 15:1, s. 56-84
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The aim of this study is to examine patterns of segmentation and temporal structuring of events in early bilinguals. The participant group consists of 25 L1 Spanish - L2 Swedish adult bilinguals residing in Sweden, with ages of L2 acquisition ranging from 1 to 11 years. There were 15 native speakers of Swedish and 15 native speakers of Spanish engaged as monolingual controls. The participants provided online-retellings in both languages of an excerpt from the film Modern Times. The bilinguals' L1 and L2 retellings were compared with those of the monolingual speakers of the respective languages. The results indicated that the bilinguals resorted to the same event segmentation strategies in both L1 and L2, opting for an intermediate degree of event resolution. This behavior fell in between the monolingual Spanish high degree of resolution and the monolingual Swedish low degree of resolution. As for temporal structuring patterns, the results showed that the bilinguals in their L2 converged with the Swedish monolingual controls, linking the events by means of anaphoric adverbials (i.e., 'x then y'). The bilinguals also converged with the Spanish-speaking controls in their L1 perspectivation patterns, as both groups left the temporal relation between the events to be inferred and focused on ongoingness (i.e., now x, now y). These findings are discussed in terms of convergence and co-existence of conceptual patterns (Pavlenko, 1999, 2008).
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| 6. |
- Cekaite, Asta, 1972-, et al.
(författare)
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Peer group interactions in multilingual educational settings : Co-constructing social order and norms for language use
- 2013
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Ingår i: International Journal of Bilingualism. - : Sage Publications. - 1367-0069 .- 1756-6878. ; 17:2SI, s. 174-188
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The present study explores peer group interactions in early multilingual educational settings, specifically focusing on children's language-related episodes. Highlighting the multifaceted work of these interactional practices, it demonstrates in detail how children's corrective actions, targeting, assessing and criticizing of the other's language use were utilized in building the peer group identities and relations, while simultaneously indexing local norms for conduct and language use. Designed as outright disagreements with the prior speaker, corrections highlighted the contrast between the recipient's error and the speaker's remedy and entailed (a) the disagreement with the prior speaker (e.g. linguistic polarity marker 'no'), (b) the explicit identification of the trouble source ('this is not x') and (c) the instruction as to the correct replacement ('this is x'). Similarly, word searches in the peer group were resolved so as to index the asymmetry in knowledge between the peers. In the production of corrections, the children displayed and recognized the relevance of appropriate use of the lingua franca (e.g. Swedish) as part of their situated production of local social order. Language expertise was an issue for negotiations and redefinitions in multilingual peer group's interactions and was one of the factors organizing social relations in multilingual educational settings.
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| 7. |
- Champoux-Larsson, Marie-France, et al.
(författare)
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Bilinguals’ inference of emotions in ambiguous speech
- 2021
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Ingår i: International Journal of Bilingualism. - : SAGE Publications. - 1367-0069 .- 1756-6878. ; 25:5, s. 1297-1310
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Aims and objectives: This study aimed to establish whether adults have a preference for semantics or emotional prosody (EP) when identifying the emotional valence of an utterance, and whether this is affected by bilingualism. Additionally, we wanted to determine whether the prosodic bias (PB) found in bilingual children in a previous study persisted through adulthood. Design: Sixty-three adults with varying levels of bilingualism identified the emotional valence of words with positive, negative or neutral semantics expressed with a positive, negative, or neutral EP. In Part 1, participants chose whichever cue felt most natural to them (out of semantics or prosody). In Part 2, participants were instructed to identify either the semantics or the prosody in different experimental blocks.Data and analysis: In Part 1, a one-sample t-test was used to determine whether one type of cue was preferred. Furthermore, a linear regression was used with the participants’ language profile score (measured with the Language and Social Background Questionnaire, LSBQ) as a predictor and how often prosody was chosen as the outcome variable. In Part 2, we ran a linear regression with the LSBQ score as the predictor and a PB score as the outcome. Findings: In Part 1, participants chose semantics and prosody equally often, and the LSBQ score did not predict a preference for prosody. In Part 2, higher LSBQ scores lead to a larger PB.Originality: This is the first study to show that bilingual adults, like children, have an increased bias towards EP the more bilingual they are, but only under constrained experimental conditions.Implications: This study was the first to empirically investigate the conscious choice of emotional cues in speech. Furthermore, we discuss theoretical implications of our results in relation to methodological limitations with experimental settings in bilingual research.
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| 8. |
- Champoux-Larsson, Marie-France, et al.
(författare)
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Identification of facial expressions of emotion by 4-year-old children from different linguistic environments
- 2019
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Ingår i: International Journal of Bilingualism. - : SAGE Publications. - 1367-0069 .- 1756-6878. ; 23:5, s. 1208-1219
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The current study investigated the identification of facial expressions of emotion, a socio-emotional task that has not previously been examined in children from different linguistic environments. Eighty-four 4-year-olds growing up in one of three linguistic environments (monolingual, dominant bilingual, balanced bilingual) performed a task where they identified facial expressions (happiness, anger, sadness, fear). Accuracy was analysed with a mixed-design analysis of variance using group (monolinguals, dominant bilinguals and balanced bilinguals) and emotion (happy, angry, sad and scared) as between- and within-group variables, respectively. Our results showed a main effect of emotion, but there was no main effect of group. This suggests that 4-year-olds’ linguistic environment does not affect performance on an identification of facial expressions task. This study was the first to investigate the identification of facial expressions of emotion in children coming from different linguistic environments. As the socio-emotional development of bilinguals is not yet well understood, especially regarding the visual perception of emotions, this study is amongst the first to contribute to this area of research. Our results are therefore of significance as a building block for additional studies that should explore the visual perception of emotions in other types of tasks and populations.
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