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- Laake, Jon Henrik, et al.
(författare)
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A simple in vitro model of ischemia based on hippocampal slice cultures and propidium iodide fluorescence
- 1999
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Ingår i: Brain Research Protocols. - 1385-299X. ; 4:2, s. 173-184
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This protocol describes a model of cerebral ischemia based on organotypic hippocampal slice cultures and quantitative assessment of cell death by use of propidium iodide and image analysis. The cultures were made from rat hippocampal slices that were obtained at postnatal day 4-7 and allowed to develop for > 14 days in vitro. For induction of 'in vitro ischemia', the cultures were washed in glucose free buffer and the culture chamber flooded with a nitrogen/carbon dioxide mixture until the oxygen concentration was < 1.0%. The cultures were exposed to this atmosphere for 30-35 min, washed in serum-free medium, and returned to ordinary growth medium. After 24 h, dead cells were quantified by use of propidium iodide. The cell death resulting from the oxygen/glucose deprivation was largely confined to the CA1 region and was blocked by NMDA-receptor antagonists but not by antagonists to AMPA-receptors or metabotropic glutamate receptors. The type of cell death was judged to be necrotic, based on ultrastructural observations. The oxygen/glucose deprived cultures exhibited increased phosphorylation of the MAP kinase cascade. This activation of the MAP kinase cascade was blocked by NMDA-receptor antagonists. The in vitro model described in the present report is simple to use and reproduces many features of in vivo ischemia, including the preferential vulnerability of CA1 cells. The model should be suited to analyses of the mechanisms underlying the regionally selective cell death in the hippocampus and ischemic cell death in general.
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| 7. |
- Hu, Xiaolei, et al.
(författare)
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Progressive and reproducible focal cortical ischemia with or without late spontaneous reperfusion generated by a ring-shaped, laser-driven photothrombotic lesion in rats
- 2001
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Ingår i: Brain Research Protocols. - : Elsevier. - 1385-299X .- 1872-809X. ; 7:1, s. 76-85
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Clinical stroke is mostly of thromboembolic origin, in which the magnitude of brain damage resulting from arterial occlusions depends on the degree and duration of the concomitant ischemia. To facilitate more controllable and reproducible study of stroke-related pathophysiological mechanisms, a photothrombotic ring stroke model was initially developed in adult rats. The ring interior zone comprises an anatomically well confined cortical region-at-risk which is gradually encroached by progressive hypoperfusion, thus mimicking the situation (albeit in inverse fashion) of an ischemic penumbra or stroke-in-evolution. Modification of this model using a thinner ring irradiation beam resulted in late spontaneous reperfusion in the cortical region-at-risk and a remarkable morphological tissue recovery in this ostensibly critically injured region. On the other hand, doubling the thin irradiating beam intensity facilitates a complementary situation in which lack of reperfusion in the region-at-risk after stroke induction leads to tissue pannecrosis. The dual photothrombotic ring stroke model, effectuated either with or without reperfusion and thereby tissue recovery or pannecrosis, may be well suited for the study of events related to postischemic survival or cell death in the penumbra region. To popularize the photothrombotic ring stroke model, we present a detailed protocol of how this model is induced in either version as well as protocols for transcardial carbon black perfusion and laser-Doppler flowmetry experiments.
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| 8. |
- Lindqvist, Niclas, et al.
(författare)
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Single cell RT-PCR analysis of tyrosine kinase receptor expression in adult rat retinal ganglion cells isolated by retinal sandwiching
- 2002
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Ingår i: Brain Research Protocols. - 1385-299X .- 1872-809X. ; 10:2, s. 75-83
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We describe a protocol for analysis of gene expression in single, acutely dissociated adult rat retinal ganglion cells using RT-PCR. Retrograde tracing of retinal ganglion cells from the superior colliculi was conducted using Fluorogold. Retinas were dissected and ganglion cells isolated using retinal layer separation (sandwiching). Single, fluorescently labelled retinal ganglion cells were aspirated using a micropipette and used for PCR. Two PCR protocols are described where single cell cDNA was analysed for TrkB and GAPDH or TrkB, TrkC, Ret, Met, ErbB2 and Beta-actin by multiplex-PCR. All five tyrosine kinase receptors were amplified from single retinal ganglion cells. The method will prove useful for the molecular characterization of adult retinal ganglion cells.
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