| 1. |
- Angelstam, Per, et al.
(författare)
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Knowledge production and learning for sustainable forest management on the ground: Pan-European landscapes as a time machine
- 2011
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Ingår i: Forestry. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0015-752X .- 1464-3626. ; 84, s. 581-596
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- While sustainable forest management (SFM) policy processes are well developed, implementation on the ground remains a challenge. Given the diversity of biophysical conditions, economic histories and governance systems on the European continent, regionally and temporally adapted and adaptive solutions are needed for both social and ecological systems. To illustrate this, we apply (1) a biographic forest and woodland history approach to central Sweden's Bergslagen region, where boreal sustained yield forestry was widely applied first and (2) a comparative case study approach using five European landscapes that represent different forest history phases in Scotland, Germany, Ukraine and Russia. Additionally, we illustrate the need to learn from reference landscapes for natural forest and cultural woodland systems such as in economically remote regions in Romania, Russia and on the Iberian Peninsula. We conclude that there is great opportunity for innovative knowledge production about both governance and management for different SFM dimensions based on comparisons among concrete landscapes. In addition, there is a need to develop local place-based social learning processes that are characterized by a focus on a geographical area, commitment to SFM policy visions and collaborative approaches to development that include both ecological and social systems.
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| 2. |
- Angelstam, Per, et al.
(författare)
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Transitioning from Soviet wood mining to sustainable forest management by intensification: are tree growth rates different in northwest Russia and Sweden?
- 2017
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Ingår i: Forestry. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0015-752X .- 1464-3626. ; 90, s. 292-303
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Russian forest policy stipulates that intensified wood production is part of sustainable forest management. Swedish forest practices form a role model for this ambition. However, are the biophysical conditions for tree growth the same in northwest (NW) Russia and Sweden? We compared growth rates of young Scots pine (Pinus silvestris L.) and Norway spruce (Picea abies H. Karst.) at 58 degrees, 60 degrees, 62 degrees, 64 degrees N in both countries. Stands on rich, mesic and poor sites were sampled using the intercept method as an indicator of the actual tree growth rate. Young Scots pine growth did not differ between NW Russia and Sweden, and should thus, if managed in the same way, have the same rate of wood production. However, for Norway spruce growth rates were 20 per cent lower in Russia than in Sweden. This was linked to few young spruce trees growing without removing competing deciduous trees in Russia. All Swedish stands had been pre-commercial cleaned, but this treatment had only been applied to 5 per cent of the Russian stands. We discuss that intensification towards sustainable forest management requires knowledge not only about forest ecology, but also a toolbox for governance, planning and management. This requires learning about societal development trajectories linked to ownership, governance and tenure systems as well as forest landscape history.
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| 3. |
- Arhipova, Natalija, et al.
(författare)
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Decay, yield loss and associated fungi in stands of grey alder (Alnus incana) in Latvia
- 2011
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Ingår i: Forestry. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0015-752X .- 1464-3626. ; 84, s. 337-348
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The significance of grey alder (Alnus incana (L.) Moench.) as a fast-growing renewable source for energy and wood production has increased during the last decade. The aims of this study were to: (1) estimate the incidence of stem decay in A. incana stands, (2) measure the extent of decay within individual stems, (3) estimate the impact of decay on wood yield and (4) identify decay-causing fungi. In total, 4344 recently cut A. incana stumps were examined on 46 clearfelled areas in different regions of Latvia. The incidence of decayed stumps varied from 1 to 54 per cent. In addition, 175 living trees were cut to measure the extent of decay within the stems. The length of decay columns varied from 0.4 to 20.6 m and that of spongy rot from 0 to 18.0 m. In total, 354 isolates representing 70 fungal taxa and 1129 isolates representing 131 fungal taxa were obtained from decayed stumps and living stems, respectively. The present study shows that decay and associated fungi are important factors determining biomass production and quality in A. incana stands and that their impact should be seriously considered when cultivating this tree species in the future.
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| 4. |
- Axelsson, Robert, et al.
(författare)
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Uneven-aged forest management in boreal Sweden: local forestry stakeholders' perceptions of different sustainability dimensions
- 2011
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Ingår i: Forestry. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0015-752X .- 1464-3626. ; 84, s. 567-579
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- To implement policies on sustainable forest management (SFM), there is a need to satisfy economical, ecological and socio-cultural sustainability objectives. Due to a long history of sustained yield wood production to satisfy the needs of the forest industry, clearfelling management systems are used in similar to 96 per cent of managed forests in Sweden. To satisfy the intentions of contemporary forest and land use policies, uneven-aged forest management systems as a complement are currently debated. We interviewed local forestry stakeholders in the Swedish boreal forest region's north and south about their views on and attitudes towards different forest management systems' contribution to SFM. Most stakeholders were generally negative to the use of uneven-aged system for sustained yield wood production but saw advantages for ecological and socio-cultural dimensions of SFM. To encourage the use of even-aged cohort and uneven-aged systems to satisfy all dimensions of SFM, there is a need for improved communication, education and public awareness. This could ultimately lead to a more constructive and less heated debate. In addition, there is a need of more empirically based knowledge about uneven-aged and cohort forest management systems' pros and cons when it comes to satisfying economical, ecological and socio-cultural objectives.
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| 5. |
- Axmon, Joakim, et al.
(författare)
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Experimental study on the possibility of detecting internal decay in standing Picea abies by blind impact response analysis
- 2004
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Ingår i: Forestry. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 1464-3626 .- 0015-752X. ; 77:3, s. 179-192
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper considers detection of internal decay in standing trees of species Picea abies (L.) Karst. The novel approach is based on two-dimensional spatiotemporal modal analysis of a cross-section which is excited by the hand-made impact of a hammer. An array of accelerometers is distributed around the cross-section, and the resulting impact response is analysed. The temporal frequency for a special spatial mode-shape is used for comparisons on a tree-to-tree basis. The mechanical properties of wood are inherently variable as they are for most materials of biological origin. This leads to a scatter of the analysed parameters that hinders detection of decay based on the temporal frequencies alone. Using regression analysis, we show that by incorporating the additional information on a surface wave propagation velocity, the scatter of sound trees is significantly reduced. The performance of a detector rule which incorporates the frequency and the surface wave propagation velocity is investigated and found to be better than performance reported for visual tree examination. The analyses are based on the impact responses from 94 standing trees, with 66 sound and 28 in various stages of decay. The proposed technique is yet to be considered an experimental tool. Further research, e.g. on how the mechanical properties are influenced by various environmental factors, is needed before the technique can be applied operationally.
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| 6. |
- Berglund, Torkel, et al.
(författare)
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Protection of spruce seedlings against pine weevil attacks by treatment of seeds or seedlings with nicotinamide, nicotinic acid and jasmonic acid
- 2016
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Ingår i: Forestry (London). - : Oxford University Press. - 0015-752X .- 1464-3626. ; 89:2, s. 127-135
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Sustainable methods are required to protect newly planted tree seedlings from insect herbivore attack. To this end, here Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) seeds were treated with 2.5 mM nicotinamide (NIC), 2.5 mM nicotinic acid (NIA), 3 mM jasmonic acid (JA) or 0.2 mM 5-azacytidine (5-Aza), and 6-month-old seedlings grown from these seeds were planted at a reforestation area in central Sweden. Attack by pine weevils (Hylobius abietis) was reduced by 50 per cent by NIC treatment, 62.5 per cent by JA treatment and 25 per cent by 5-Aza treatment, when compared with seedlings grown from untreated seeds. Watering 18-month-old spruce seedlings with 2 mM NIC or 2 mM NIA did reduce attack during the first season in the field by 40 and 53 per cent, respectively, compared with untreated plants. Girdling was also reduced by the different treatments. Analysis of conifer seedlings treated with 5-Aza points at a possible involvement of epigenetic mechanisms in this defensive capacity. This is supported by a reduced level of DNA methylation in the needles of young spruce seedlings grown in a greenhouse from NIC-treated seeds. Seed treatment for seedling defense potentiation is simple, inexpensive and also a new approach for forestry with many potential applications.
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| 7. |
- Blennow, Kristina, et al.
(författare)
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Understanding risk in forest ecosystem services: implications for effective risk management, communication and planning
- 2014
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Ingår i: Forestry. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0015-752X .- 1464-3626. ; 87, s. 219-228
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Uncertainty, insufficient information or information of poor quality, limited cognitive capacity and time, along with value conflicts and ethical considerations, are all aspects that make risk management and risk communication difficult. This paper provides a review of different risk concepts and describes how these influence risk management, communication and planning in relation to forest ecosystem services. Based on the review and results of empirical studies, we suggest that personal assessment of risk is decisive in the management of forest ecosystem services. The results are used together with a review of different principles of the distribution of risk to propose an approach to risk communication that is effective as well as ethically sound. Knowledge of heuristics and mutual information on both beliefs and desires are important in the proposed risk communication approach. Such knowledge provides an opportunity for relevant information exchange, so that gaps in personal knowledge maps can be filled in and effective risk communication can be promoted.
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| 8. |
- Carlsson, Lars
(författare)
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Still going strong : community forests in Sweden
- 1999
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Ingår i: Forestry (London). - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0015-752X .- 1464-3626. ; 72:1, s. 11-26
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The Swedish forest commons have survived for more than one hundred years; no deforestation has been observed and the total amount of biomass is increasing. The forests are regarded by experts as well managed both in terms of efficiency and with regard to the preservation of biodiversity. Compared with other types of ownership the commons have a very special organization. The base consists of 25000 shareholders. This is a medieval pattern of ownership that seems to survive; moreover, it seems to be quite prosperous within the realm of modern society with its highly competitive forest industries. Three main explanations are discussed: the commons' conscious attempts to reduce transaction costs, their general inventiveness in adjusting to changed circumstances, and their acclimatization to the logic of the negotiated economy characterized by fuzzy borders between different sectors.
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| 9. |
- Drössler, Lars, et al.
(författare)
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Simulated transformation of even-aged Norway spruce stands to multi-layered forests: an experiment to explore the potential of tree size differentiation
- 2014
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Ingår i: Forestry. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0015-752X .- 1464-3626. ; 87, s. 239-248
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The study investigated the possibility to transform normal young Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst) forests to develop more heterogeneous stand structures, aiming for multi-layered forest in the long run. On three sites in central and south Sweden, 60 per cent of stand basal area was removed by thinning mainly medium-sized trees and leaving the smallest and the largest trees. Over the next 50 years, future stand development was simulated using a single-tree growth model. Simulations were run with and without ingrowth. An additional ingrowth scenario after soil preparation was tested. Basal area was kept between 10 and 20 m(2) ha(-1) during simulations. Projected stem wood production for the next 50 years was one-third lower compared with conventional thinning regimes. After 50 years, a multi-layered forest structure was indicated for the boreal sites in central Sweden, but not for the site in south Sweden.
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| 10. |
- Drössler, Lars
(författare)
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Suitability of close-to-nature silviculture for adapting temperate European forests to climate change
- 2014
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Ingår i: Forestry. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0015-752X .- 1464-3626. ; 87, s. 492-503
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- In many parts of Europe, close-to-nature silviculture (CNS) has been widely advocated as being the best approach for managing forests to cope with future climate change. In this review, we identify and evaluate six principles for enhancing the adaptive capacity of European temperate forests in a changing climate: (1) increase tree species richness, (2) increase structural diversity, (3) maintain and increase genetic variation within tree species, (4) increase resistance of individual trees to biotic and abiotic stress, (5) replace high-risk stands and (6) keep average growing stocks low. We use these principles to examine how three CNS systems (single-tree selection, group selection and shelterwood) serve adaptation strategies. Many attributes of CNS can increase the adaptive capacity of European temperate forests to a changing climate. CNS promotes structural diversity and tree resistance to stressors, and growing stocks can be kept at low levels. However, some deficiencies exist in relation to the adaptation principles of increasing tree species richness, maintaining and increasing genetic variation, and replacing high-risk stands. To address these shortcomings, CNS should make increased use of a range of regeneration methods, in order to promote light-demanding tree species, non-native species and non-local provenances.
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