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- Berggren, Peter, 1971-, et al.
(författare)
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Assessing the quality of Shared Priorities in teams using content analysis in a microworld experiment
- 2017
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Ingår i: Theoretical Issues in Ergonomics Science. - : Taylor & Francis. - 1463-922X .- 1464-536X. ; 18:2, s. 128-146
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objective, easy to use, and easy to comprehend assessment methods for measuring shared understanding in teams are hard to find. This paper describes an experiment where a measure called Shared Priorities, which is based on ranking of self-generated strategic items, is assessed. Trained teams were compared to non-trained teams in a dynamic problem-solving task. The maturity of the participating teams was also assessed using a content analysis measure. The Shared Priorities measure was used alongside other well-documented measures of team awareness based on self-rating. Results show that the Shared Priorities measure correlates with task performance and could also distinguish between trained and non-trained teams. However, the Shared Priorities measure did not correlate with the other team measures (cf. CARS – Crew Awareness Rating Scale – and DATMA – Distributed Assessment of Team Mutual Awareness), suggesting that it captures a different quality of teamwork than the self-rating measures. Further, the Shared Priorities measure was found to be easily administered.
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- Engström, Johan A Skifs, 1973, et al.
(författare)
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Great expectations: A predictive processing account of automobile driving
- 2018
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Ingår i: Theoretical Issues in Ergonomics Science. - 1464-536X .- 1463-922X. ; 19:2, s. 156-194
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Predictive processing has been proposed as a unifying framework for understanding brain function, suggesting that cognition and behaviour can be fundamentally understood based on the single principle of prediction error minimisation. According to predictive processing, the brain is a statistical organ that continuously attempts get a grip on states in the world by predicting how these states cause sensory input and minimising the deviations between the predicted and actual input. While these ideas have had a strong influence in neuroscience and cognitive science, they have so far not been adopted in applied human factors research. The present paper represents a first attempt to do so, exploring how predictive processing concepts can be used to understand automobile driving. It is shown how a framework based on predictive processing may provide a novel perspective on a range of driving phenomena and offer a unifying framework for traditionally disparate human factors models.
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- Hammarbäck, Jimmy, 1977-, et al.
(författare)
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Modelling situated intent for human-autonomy teaming: a human-centric approach
- 2024
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Ingår i: Theoretical Issues in Ergonomics Science. - : TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD. - 1463-922X .- 1464-536X. ; , s. 1-22
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- entering an era where humans and synthetic agents are supposed to collaborate and cooperate, adequate models of human intent are cru-cial for coordinated teamwork. Unfortunately, although there is a need for such models, the concept of intent is ambiguous and approaches to model intent from a human-centric perspective are scarce. Building upon theoretical and methodological foundations, this study aims to address these gaps by presenting a conceptualisation of intent along-side an approach. specifically, leveraging the six levels of cognitive control outlined in the Joint control Framework, a provisional model of human intent alongside a defined and operationalised concept is presented. Building on these foundations, a novel approach is pro-posed. Utilising seven scenario-based interviews, the value of these contributions is demonstrated through an example case in the context of Manned-Unmanned teaming. it is concluded that intent should be understood as a multi-faceted concept shaped by situated constraints, where intent is formed through a commitment to choices by context-sit-uation and means-end reasoning. it is also concluded that the approach is useful, particularly since it can glean insights from choices considered and committed, both being essential in the design of synthetic team-mates’ capability to adapt to their human partner’s agency.
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- Hollnagel, Erik
(författare)
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Time and time again
- 2002
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Ingår i: Theoretical issues in Ergonomics Science. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1463-922X .- 1464-536X. ; 3:2, s. 143-158
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In the study of human–machine systems, the need to have a model of the user is by now taken for granted. The model can be used both as support for design and analysis and as a representation of the user that resides somewhere in the machine. When it comes to the practice of modelling, two characteristic approaches can be recognized. The first focuses on the how of modelling, and is concerned mainly with the structure and contents of models. The second focuses on what is being modelled, and is concerned mainly with the functioning or performance of the model. The first approach has dominated human–machine systems research for several decades, and has led to orthodoxy in modelling by which certain structural characteristics are accepted without questioning. This unreflective attitude to modelling has been criticised several times, although with little effect. In taking the second approach and focusing on what should be modelled, two important issues are that human performance varies in level of control, i.e. in terms of how orderly it is, and that thinking and acting take time— and occur in a context where time is limited. Although it is clearly essential that user models can account for these characteristics, very few existing models are capable of doing so because they focus on internal information processing rather than on performance in a dynamic environment. The paper describes a type of functional model, called contextual control models, which shows how it is possible to account for both different control modes and how performance is affected by time. Indeed, control and time are intimately linked and loss of one may lead to a loss of the other. The contextual control model distinguishes among four characteristic control modes (strategic, tactical, opportunistic and scrambled) and two time parameters (time to evaluate, time to select) that are seen relative to the available time. Finally, a number of applications of contextual control models are described.
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- Johansson, Björn, 1973-, et al.
(författare)
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Resilience and the temporal dimension : the chimera of timely response
- 2017
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Ingår i: Theoretical Issues in Ergonomics Science. - : Taylor & Francis. - 1463-922X .- 1464-536X. ; 18:2, s. 110-127
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper presents a framework for reasoning about ‘timely response’, and control versus the temporal organisation of a controlling system. By three empirical examples, we show how a controlling system can be described in terms of perception points, decision points and action points. Our conclusions are that (1) temporal expectancies shape our ability to exercise control at least as much our ability to understand relations and causality, but temporality is rarely part of approaches to modelling human or system performance, (2) temporal organisation of activities shape our ability to exercise control, (3) by utilising the temporal control framework, we can describe important properties of the temporal organisation of a socio-technical system, and (4) the capacity of modelling is limited to what can be known or imagined. Therefore, models describing resilience or stability should include temporality and be based on frameworks generic enough to be applied to a wide variety of situations.
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- Kyriakidis, Miltos, et al.
(författare)
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A human factors perspective on automated driving
- 2017
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Ingår i: Theoretical Issues in Ergonomics Science. - : Taylor and Francis Ltd.. - 1463-922X .- 1464-536X. ; , s. 1-27
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Automated driving can fundamentally change road transportation and improve quality of life. However, at present, the role of humans in automated vehicles (AVs) is not clearly established. Interviews were conducted in April and May 2015 with 12 expert researchers in the field of human factors (HFs) of automated driving to identify commonalities and distinctive perspectives regarding HF challenges in the development of AVs. The experts indicated that an AV up to SAE Level 4 should inform its driver about the AV's capabilities and operational status, and ensure safety while changing between automated and manual modes. HF research should particularly address interactions between AVs, human drivers and vulnerable road users. Additionally, driver-training programmes may have to be modified to ensure that humans are capable of using AVs. Finally, a reflection on the interviews is provided, showing discordance between the interviewees’ statements – which appear to be in line with a long history of HFs research – and the rapid development of automation technology. We expect our perspective to be instrumental for stakeholders involved in AV development and instructive to other parties.
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