| 1. |
- Gredebäck, Gustaf, et al.
(författare)
-
Individual Differences in Face Processing : Infants' Scanning Patterns and Pupil Dilations are Influenced by the Distribution of Parental Leave
- 2012
-
Ingår i: Infancy. - : Wiley. - 1525-0008 .- 1532-7078. ; 17:1, s. 79-101
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Fourteen-month-old infants were presented with static images of happy, neutral, and fearful emotional facial expressions in an eye-tracking paradigm. The emotions were expressed by the infants own parents as well as a male and female stranger (parents of another participating infant). Rather than measuring the duration of gaze in particular areas of interest, we measured number of fixations, distribution of fixations, and pupil diameter to evaluate global scanning patterns and reactions to emotional content. The three measures were differentially sensitive to differences in parental leave, emotional expression, and face familiarity. Infants scanned and processed differently happy, neutral, and fearful faces. In addition, infants cared for by both father and mother (divided parental leave) distributed their gaze more across faces than did infants primarily cared for by one parent (in this study, the mother). Pupil diameter complemented these findings, revealing that infants had larger pupil diameter during observation of neutral emotions expressed by the parent who is not currently the primary caregiver. This study demonstrates how conclusions differ as a function of the particular eye-tracking measure used and shows that the three measures used here converge on the conclusion that 14-month-old infants processing of emotional expressions is influenced by infants exposure to fathers and mothers.
|
|
| 2. |
- Kenward, Ben
(författare)
-
10-Month-Olds Visually Anticipate an Outcome Contingent on Their Own Action
- 2010
-
Ingår i: Infancy. - : Wiley. - 1525-0008 .- 1532-7078. ; 15:4, s. 337-361
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- It is known that young infants can learn to perform an action that elicits a reinforcer, and that they can visually anticipate a predictable stimulus by looking at its location before it begins. Here, in an investigation of the display of these abilities in tandem, I report that 10-month-olds anticipate a reward stimulus that they generate through their own action: .5 sec before pushing a button to start a video reward, they increase their rate of gaze shifts to the reward location; and during periods of extinction, reward location gaze shifts correlate with bouts of button pushing. The results are consistent with the hypothesis that the infants have an expectation of the outcome of their actions: several alternative hypotheses are ruled out by yoked controls. Such an expectation may, however, be procedural, have minimal content, and is not necessarily sufficient to motivate action.
|
|
| 3. |
- Stenberg, Gunilla
(författare)
-
Why do Infants Look at and Use Positive Information from Some Informants Rather Than Others in Ambiguous Situations?
- 2012
-
Ingår i: Infancy. - : Wiley. - 1525-0008 .- 1532-7078. ; 17:6, s. 642-671
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Three laboratory experiments on social referencing examined whether infants tendencies to look at and use positive information from the experimenter could be interpreted from a perspective of novelty or expertise. In Study 1, novelty was manipulated. Forty-eight 12-month-old infants participated. In a between-subject design, a more novel or a less novel experimenter presented an ambiguous object and provided positive information. The infants looked more at and regulated their behavior more in accordance with information coming from the less novel experimenter. In Study 2, expertise was manipulated. Forty-eight 12-month-old infants were exposed to one experimenter who showed expertise about the laboratory situation and one experimenter who did not show such competence. The infants looked more at and regulated their behavior more in accordance with information coming from the expert. In Study 3, 40 12-month-old infants participated. The infants were exposed to a toy-expert who was either novel or familiar. The infants, in both groups, looked as much at the toy-experts and used the information regardless of whether the novel or familiar toy-expert had provided information. The findings suggest that novelty does not increase looking in ambiguous situations. Instead, the results support the expertise perspective of infant looking preferences.
|
|
| 4. |
- Astor, Kim, et al.
(författare)
-
Gaze following in 4.5- and 6-month-old infants : The impact of proximity on standard gaze following performance tests
- 2019
-
Ingår i: Infancy. - : Wiley. - 1525-0008 .- 1532-7078. ; 24:1, s. 79-89
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Gaze following (GF), the ability to synchronize visual attention with others, is often considered a foundation of social cognition. In this study, GF was assessed while changing the space between an actor's eyes and the gaze target. This was done to address a potential confound in the gold standard GF performance test, namely the spatial bias of the actors? eye position that occurs when the actor turns the head to look at a target, offsetting the eye position from a centered position toward the attended target. Our results suggest that both 4.5 (n = 27) and 6 (n = 30)-month-old infants can follow an actor's gaze regardless of proximity. This is the first demonstration that early GF is not dependent on proximity cues, and our results strengthen previous findings suggesting that GF develops well before 6 months of age. The study was preregistered, and all data and analysis routines can be downloaded with provided links.
|
|
| 5. |
- De Kloe, Yentl J.R., et al.
(författare)
-
Replacing eye trackers in ongoing studies : A comparison of eye‐tracking data quality between the Tobii Pro TX300 and the Tobii Pro Spectrum
- 2021
-
Ingår i: Infancy. - : Wiley. - 1532-7078 .- 1525-0008.
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The Tobii Pro TX300 is a popular eye tracker in developmental eye-tracking research, yet it is no longer manufactured. If a TX300 breaks down, it may have to be replaced. The data quality of the replacement eye tracker may differ from that of the TX300, which may affect the experimental outcome measures. This is problematic for longitudinal and multi-site studies, and for researchers replacing eye trackers between studies. We, therefore, ask how the TX300 and its successor, the Tobii Pro Spectrum, compare in terms of eye-tracking data quality. Data quality—operationalized through precision, accuracy, and data loss—was compared between eye trackers for three age groups (around 5-months, 10-months, and 3-years). Precision was better for all gaze position signals obtained with the Spectrum in comparison to the TX300. Accuracy of the Spectrum was higher for the 5-month-old and 10-month-old children. For the three-year-old children, accuracy was similar across both eye trackers. Gaze position signals from the Spectrum exhibited lower proportions of data loss, and the duration of the data loss periods tended to be shorter. In conclusion, the Spectrum produces gaze position signals with higher data quality, especially for the younger infants. Implications for data analysis are discussed.
|
|
| 6. |
- Del Bianco, Teresa, et al.
(författare)
-
The Developmental Origins of Gaze-Following in Human Infants
- 2019
-
Ingår i: Infancy. - : Wiley. - 1525-0008 .- 1532-7078. ; 24:3, s. 433-454
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- During the first year of life, infants develop the capacity to follow the gaze of others. This behavior allows sharing attention and facilitates language acquisition and cognitive development. This article reviews studies that investigated gaze-following before 12 months of age in typically developing infants and discusses current theoretical perspectives on early GF. Recent research has revealed that early GF is highly dependent on situational constraints and individual characteristics, but theories that describe the underlying mechanisms have partly failed to consider this complexity. We propose a novel framework termed the perceptual narrowing account of GF that may have the potential to integrate existing theoretical accounts.
|
|
| 7. |
- Fawcett, Christine, et al.
(författare)
-
Eighteen-Month-Olds, but not 14-Month-Olds, Use Social Context to Bind Action Sequences
- 2015
-
Ingår i: Infancy. - : Wiley. - 1525-0008 .- 1532-7078. ; 20:1, s. 115-125
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We demonstrate that 18-month-olds, but not 14-month-olds, can anticipate others' actions based on an interpretation of shared goals that bind together individual actions into a collaborative sequence. After viewing a sequence of actions performed by two people who socially interact, 18-month-olds bound together the socially engaged actors' actions such that they later expected the actors to share the same final goal. Eighteen-month-olds who saw nonsocially engaged actors did not have this expectation and neither did 14-month-olds when viewing either socially or nonsocially engaged actors. The results are discussed in light of the possibility that experience in collaborations could be necessary for understanding collaboration from a third-person perspective.
|
|
| 8. |
- Fawcett, Christine, et al.
(författare)
-
Twelve-month-old infants’ physiological responses to music are affected by others’ positive and negative reactions
- 2021
-
Ingår i: Infancy. - : John Wiley & Sons. - 1525-0008 .- 1532-7078. ; 26:6, s. 784-797
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Abstract Infants show remarkable skills for processing music in the first year of life. Such skills are believed to foster social and communicative development, yet little is known about how infants? own preferences for music develop and whether social information plays a role. Here, we investigate whether the reactions of another person influence infants? responses to music. Specifically, 12-month-olds (N = 33) saw an actor react positively or negatively after listening to clips of instrumental music. Arousal (measured via pupil dilation) and attention (measured via looking time) were assessed when infants later heard the clips without the actor visible. Results showed greater pupil dilation when listening to music clips that had previously been reacted to negatively than those that had been reacted to positively (Exp. 1). This effect was not replicated when a similar, rather than identical, clip from the piece of music was used in the test phase (Exp. 2, N = 35 12-month-olds). There were no effects of the actor's positive or negative reaction on looking time. Together, our findings suggest that infants are sensitive to others? positive and negative reactions not only for concrete objects, such as food or toys, but also for more abstract stimuli including music.
|
|
| 9. |
- Galazka, Martyna, et al.
(författare)
-
Visual Attention to Dynamic Spatial Relations in Infants and Adults
- 2016
-
Ingår i: Infancy. - : Wiley. - 1525-0008 .- 1532-7078. ; 21:1, s. 90-103
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Previous research has found that kinematic features of interactions, such as spatial proximity, capture adult visual attention. The current research uses online measures of gaze behavior to determine attentional capture to objects with reduced interobject spacing in adults as well as infants at 5 and 12months. The three age groups observed three identical geometrical shapes that moved randomly. Relative distance between the objects was mapped and intervals of high and low spatial proximity were identified. Findings demonstrate that only adults and 12-month-olds look significantly more at the objects that are close during instances of high spatial proximity, while 5-month-olds look at chance. The findings speak for a developmental trend in oculomotor processes, where a bias to look at objects with high spatial proximity develops within the first year of life.
|
|
| 10. |
- Gerbrand, Anton, et al.
(författare)
-
Statistical learning in infancy predicts vocabulary size in toddlerhood
- 2022
-
Ingår i: Infancy. - : John Wiley & Sons. - 1525-0008 .- 1532-7078. ; 27:4, s. 700-719
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- During the first 2 years of life, an infant's vocabulary grows at an impressive rate. In the current study, we investigated the impact of three challenges that infants need to overcome to learn new words and expand the size of their vocabulary. We used longitudinal eye-tracking data (n = 118) to assess sequence learning, associative learning, and probability processing abilities at ages 6, 10, and 18 months. Infants' ability to efficiently solve these tasks was used to predict vocabulary size at age 18 months. We demonstrate that the ability to make audio-visual associations and to predict sequences of visual events predicts vocabulary size in toddlers (accounting for 20% of the variance). Our results indicate that statistical learning in some, but not all, domains have a role in vocabulary development.
|
|
