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- Carlsson, Björn, et al.
(författare)
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Effector T cell analysis of melanoma tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte cultures using HLA-ABC semimatched melanoma cell lines
- 2008
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Ingår i: Journal of immunotherapy (1997). - 1524-9557 .- 1537-4513. ; 31:7, s. 633-43
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The generation of T cells with specific reactivity against tumor-associated antigens is prerequisite for adoptive transfer therapy. Melanoma-specific lymphocyte cultures can be established from tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) by in vitro culture with high levels of interleukin-2. In this report, we present TIL data originating from 728 attempted cultures from 33 consecutive melanoma biopsy specimens originating from 30 patients. Cultures were analyzed for the presence of interferon gamma (IFNgamma)-producing cells upon stimulation with a panel of HLA-ABC semimatched melanoma cell lines. We sought to find whether such cell lines could be used to analyze TIL reactivity. Cell lines were used as stimulators to circumvent the need for autologous primary tumor cells. Melanoma-reactive cultures were identified by flow cytometry in 25 of the 30 patients. Four hundred forty-four of 728 (60.9%) cultures contained TILs at the end of experiment. Ninety-one of 318 cultures (28.6%) contained IFNgamma-producing cells after stimulation. In HLA-A*0201 patients IFNgamma analysis was complemented with melanoma-specific tetramer staining. All but one HLA-A*0201 patient had MART-1/Melan-A27-35-directed TILs, with frequencies ranging from 0.1% to 90% of CD8 cells. In addition, tetramer analysis also identified TILs directed against gp100, Tyrosinase, and Her2Neu. Tumor material was collected via needle biopsy in 16 cases and surgery in 18 cases. Overall, surgical material generated more cultures positive for T cells. The described methods are efficient in characterizing clinically relevant melanoma-reactive TILs.
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- Edsparr, Karin, 1979, et al.
(författare)
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Effects of IL-2 on MMP expression in freshly isolated human NK cells and the IL-2-independent NK cell line YT.
- 2010
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Ingår i: Journal of immunotherapy (Hagerstown, Md. : 1997). - 1537-4513. ; 33:5, s. 475-81
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Interleukin-2 is an important activation factor for natural killer (NK) cells but its effect on NK cell matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) production and matrix degradation is less well investigated. We have used freshly isolated human NK cells and the IL-2-independent NK cell line, YT, to investigate the effects of IL-2 stimulation on NK cell invasion of Matrigel and on MMP expression and production. In YT cells, we found opposing early and late effects of IL-2 stimulation with an early (2 h) increase in MMP-9 protein level and enhanced migration in the Matrigel invasion assay and by 30 hours a decreased mRNA expression of MMP-2, MMP-9, MMP-13, MT3-MMP, and MT6-MMP. We also found a preculture period of 48 hours with IL-2 to negatively affect YT cell migration. We furthermore found that freshly isolated human NK cells Matrigel invasion was MMP-dependent and it increased in response to IL-2. Importantly, in freshly isolated human NK cells we did not see a downregulation of MMPs after 24 hours IL-2 stimulation, but instead a significant upregulation of MT6-MMP mRNA. Because of the cellular localisation of MT6-MMP, which ensures a focalized proteolytic activity, and its high expression compared with the other MMPs in freshly isolated human NK cells makes it of interest to study further.
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- Liljenfeldt, Lina, et al.
(författare)
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A Hexon and Fiber-modified Adenovirus Expressing CD40L Improves the Antigen Presentation Capacity of Dendritic Cells
- 2014
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Ingår i: Journal of immunotherapy (1997). - 1524-9557 .- 1537-4513. ; 37:3, s. 155-162
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- CD40 ligand (CD40L), a strong stimulator of Th1 immune responses, acts via dendritic cells to trigger T-cell activation. AdCD40L therapy introduces the CD40L gene into the tumor microenvironment with an adenoviral vector and has shown promising results in experimental tumor models, dogs, and patients (phase I-II trials). The transduction efficiency of AdCD40L is dependent on the expression of CAR (coxsackie/adenovirus adhesion receptor), which is commonly downregulated on tumor cells. To enhance transduction efficiency, and therefore the therapeutic efficacy, a double-modified adenovirus was developed. The double-modified Ad5PTDf35(mCD40L) had a protein transduction domain (PTD) inserted into the hexon protein and the virus fiber is switched from serotype 5 to serotype 35. These modifications enable transduction of a wider range of cell types. In comparison with Ad5(mCD40L), Ad5PTDf35(mCD40L) showed increased transduction capacity on a variety of murine cells. Furthermore, antigen presentation was improved after transduction with Ad5PTDf35(mCD40L). This was demonstrated in an antigen presentation assay, both in vitro and in vivo, in which transduced dendritic cells were loaded with suboptimal concentrations of the human gp100 peptide and allowed to interact with gp100-specific transgenic T cells (pmel). Finally, Ad5PTDf35(mCD40L) could delay tumor growth in a murine cancer model at a particle load, wherein therapeutic efficacy of the Ad5(mCD40L) vector was lost. Hence, the Ad5PTDf35(CD40L) vector holds great promise as a second-generation immune stimulatory therapy, as it not only targets tumor cells but also antigen-presenting cells that are, among other cells, present in the tumor microenvironment.
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- Lindqvist, Camilla, et al.
(författare)
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Local AdCD40L gene therapy is effective for disseminated murine experimental cancer by breaking T-cell tolerance and inducing tumor cell growth inhibition
- 2009
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Ingår i: Journal of immunotherapy (1997). - 1524-9557 .- 1537-4513. ; 32:8, s. 785-792
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- CD40 ligand (CD40L) is one of the most potent stimulators of Th1-type immunity through its maturation of dendritic cells that, in turn, stimulate effector cells such as T cells and NK cells. Lately, CD40-mediated cell growth inhibition and apoptosis have been in focus for the development of novel cancer treatment regiments, including recombinant soluble CD40L or CD40-stimulating antibodies. In this study, intravesical CD40L gene transfer through adenoviral vectors (AdCD40L) was used to treat an aggressive model of disseminated bladder cancer (MB49/C57BL/6). Three weekly AdCD40L vector instillations increased overall survival of tumor-bearing mice (mean 18.5 d, control mice 13 d). Furthermore, bladder tumors were eradicated (2 of 10) simultaneously as lung metastases (6 of 10) were cleared. FoxP3 levels were similar in the tumors of AdCD40L-treated mice and control mice but the tumor-infiltrating effector T cells in AdCD40L-treated mice were cytotoxic (CD107a+) in contrast to those in control-treated tumors. Furthermore, AdCD40L gene therapy could induce cell growth inhibition and cell death in the MB49 tumor cells in vitro and in vivo. However, this effect was not Potent enough to cure growing tumors in immunodeficient mice. In conclusion, AdCD40L gene therapy is potent for disseminated cancer both by activation of T cells and controlling tumor cell growth and viability.
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- Mangsbo, Sara, 1981-, et al.
(författare)
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Enhanced tumor eradication by combining CTLA-4 or PD-1 blockade with CpG therapy
- 2010
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Ingår i: Journal of immunotherapy (1997). - 1524-9557 .- 1537-4513. ; 33:3, s. 225-235
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Tumor immunotherapy aims to break effector T cell anergy and to block suppressive cell types and ligands allowing effector cells to exert tumor eradication. Previous reports demonstrate that cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen-4 (CTLA-4)-blocking antibodies promote T cell activation and render T effector cells resistant to T regulatory cells (Tregs) whereas programmed death receptor-1 (PD-1)/ PD-L1 blockade results in loss of peripheral tolerance. Herein, we explored single or combined antibody blockade of CTLA-4 and PD-1 alone or combined with the TLR agonists CpG or bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) for treatment of murine experimental bladder cancer. In therapeutic studies, tumors were rejected by anti-CTLA4 (aCTLA4) while aPD-1 suppressed tumor growth. The combination had no additive effect compared with aCTLA-4 alone. However, elevated levels of circulating CD107a expressing CD8+ T cells were found in the aCTLA-4 plus aPD-1 group. In addition, levels of antinuclear antibodies (ANA) correlated inversely with tumor size. Next, we combined CpG or BCG with aCTLA-4, aPD-1 or aPD-L1 and found that CpG in combination with aCTLA-4 or aPD-1 increased the survival of mice, with aPD-1 plus CpG being superior to either agent alone. CpG plus aCTLA-4 or aPD-1 increased the numbers of circulating tumor-specific CD107a expressing CD8+ T cells as well as activated (CD25+ FoxP3-) CD4+ splenocytes. Further, we investigated the numbers of Tregs in the tumor area of treated animals and detected decreased levels after aCTLA-4 or aPD-1 plus CpG therapy. Thus, the combination of CpG with CTLA-4 or PD-1 blockade improved long-term survival and led to increased levels of tumor-reactive T cells and reduced numbers of Tregs at the tumor site.
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- Mangsbo, Sara M, 1981-, et al.
(författare)
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CpG Therapy is Superior to BCG in an Orthotopic Bladder Cancer Model and Generates CD4+ T-cell Immunity
- 2008
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Ingår i: Journal of immunotherapy (1997). - 1524-9557 .- 1537-4513. ; 31:1, s. 34-42
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Bacillus Calmette Guérin (BCG) immunotherapy has been successful in extending tumor remission in bladder cancer, the fifth most common cancer in men. However, relapses are frequent and some patients develop resistance to BCG. CpGs were previously demonstrated to be effective in the murine MB49 model. In this paper, we modeled a more aggressive orthotopic bladder cancer than previously studied. Moreover, we compared standard BCG immunotherapy side-by-side with the Toll-like receptor-9 agonist CpG. MB49 tumor-bearing mice were treated with BCG or CpG and survival as well as tumor progression were observed over time. Urine, blood, and tumors were collected and analyzed. Mice were rechallenged and evaluated for tumor-specific immunity. In this study, CpGs induced a complete response of large aggressive orthotopic MB49 bladder tumors, resulting in tumor-specific systemic immunity. Further, data indicated that this potent antitumor effect required T cells. A comparison of CpGs and BCG in both a highly and less aggressive orthotopic tumor model, and in a subcutaneous tumor model, demonstrated that CpGs were superior to BCG. In the orthotopic model, BCG induced a local cytokine storm during treatment initiation whereas CpG affected a more refined cytokine pattern over time. Increased levels of cytokines in serum correlated with enhanced survival in the subcutaneous model. Further, immune cell depletion studies demonstrated that CpG-induced protective immunity was CD4 T-cell dependent. Taken together, our data suggest that CpGs are superior to BCG for bladder cancer immunotherapy. Thus, this potent new drug may be an attractive therapeutic alternative and should be evaluated in bladder cancer patients.
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