| 1. |
- Aspenberg, Per, et al.
(författare)
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Atypical femoral fractures, bisphosphonates, and mechanical stress
- 2014
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Ingår i: Current osteoporosis reports. - : Springer. - 1544-1873 .- 1544-2241. ; 12:2, s. 189-193
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Atypical fractures are stress fractures occurring in the femoral shaft and closely related to bisphosphonate use. We here discuss their radiographic definition and different putative etiologies, apart from mechanical stress. Long time reduction of skeletal remodeling because of bisphosphonate use is thought to allow time for the bone to deteriorate mechanically, resulting in reduced toughness. However, the risk of atypical fracture diminishes rapidly after cessation of treatment, which suggests more acute effects of bisphosphonate use. Microdamage normally accumulates at areas of high stress. Possibly, ongoing bisphosphonate use reduces the ability to resorb and replace areas of microdamage by targeted remodeling. This could lead to crack propagation beyond a point of no return, ending in macroscopic stress fracture.
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| 2. |
- Chagin, Andrei S., 1976, et al.
(författare)
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The Origin and Fate of Chondrocytes: Cell Plasticity in Physiological Setting
- 2023
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Ingår i: Current Osteoporosis Reports. - 1544-1873 .- 1544-2241. ; 21:6, s. 815-824
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Purpose of ReviewHere, we discuss the origin of chondrocytes, their destiny, and their plasticity in relationship to bone growth, articulation, and formation of the trabeculae. We also consider these processes from a biological, clinical, and evolutionary perspective.Recent FindingsChondrocytes, which provide the template for the formation of most bones, are responsible for skeletal growth and articulation during postnatal life. In recent years our understanding of the fate of these cells has changed dramatically. Current evidence indicates a paradoxical situation during skeletogenesis, with some cells of mesenchymal condensation differentiating directly into osteoblasts, whereas others of the same kind give rise to highly similar osteoblasts via a complex process of differentiation involving several chondrocyte intermediates. The situation becomes even more paradoxical during postnatal growth when stem cells in the growth plate produce differentiated, functional progenies, which thereafter presumably dedifferentiate into another type of stem cell.SummarySuch a remarkable transition from one cell type to another under postnatal physiological conditions provides a fascinating example of cellular plasticity that may have valuable clinical implications.
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| 3. |
- Collins, Gary S., et al.
(författare)
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Fracture risk assessment : state of the art, methodologically unsound, or poorly reported?
- 2012
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Ingår i: Current osteoporosis reports. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1544-2241 .- 1544-1873. ; 10:3, s. 199-207
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Osteoporotic fractures, including hip fractures, are a global health concern associated with significant morbidity and mortality as well as a major economic burden. Identifying individuals who are at an increased risk of osteoporotic fracture is an important challenge to be resolved. Recently, multivariable prediction tools have been developed to assist clinicians in the management of their patients by calculating their 10-year risk of fracture (FRAX, QFracture, Garvan) using a combination of known risk factors. These prediction models have revolutionized the way clinicians assess the risk of fracture. Studies evaluating the performance of prediction models in this and other areas of medicine have, however, been characterized by poor design, methodological conduct, and reporting. We examine recently developed fracture prediction models and critically discuss issues in their design, validation, and transparency.
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| 4. |
- Grassi, Lorenzo, et al.
(författare)
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Statistical Shape and Appearance Models : Development Towards Improved Osteoporosis Care
- 2021
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Ingår i: Current Osteoporosis Reports. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1544-1873 .- 1544-2241. ; 19:6, s. 676-687
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Statistical models of shape and appearance have increased their popularity since the 1990s and are today highly prevalent in the field of medical image analysis. In this article, we review the recent literature about how statistical models have been applied in the context of osteoporosis and fracture risk estimation.RECENT FINDINGS: Recent developments have increased their ability to accurately segment bones, as well as to perform 3D reconstruction and classify bone anatomies, all features of high interest in the field of osteoporosis and fragility fractures diagnosis, prevention, and treatment. An increasing number of studies used statistical models to estimate fracture risk in retrospective case-control cohorts, which is a promising step towards future clinical application. All the reviewed application areas made considerable steps forward in the past 5-6 years. Heterogeneities in validation hinder a thorough comparison between the different methods and represent one of the future challenges to be addressed to reach clinical implementation.
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| 5. |
- Karlsson, Magnus K., et al.
(författare)
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Exercise and Peak Bone Mass
- 2020
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Ingår i: Current Osteoporosis Reports. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1544-1873 .- 1544-2241. ; 18:3, s. 285-290
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Purpose of review: The main goal of this narrative review is to assess whether physical activity (PA) influences peak bone mass and fracture risk. Recent findings: Several randomized controlled trials (RCT) show that short-term PA intervention programs in childhood improve the accrual of bone mineral. There are now also long-term controlled PA intervention studies demonstrating that both boys and girls with daily school PA through puberty gain higher bone mineral content (BMC) and bone mineral density (BMD) and greater bone size than boys and girls with school PA 1–2 times/week. These benefits seem to be followed by a gradual reduction in expected fracture rates, so that in children with daily school PA, the incidence rate ratio (IRR) after 8 years is less than half that expected by age. Summary: Daily school PA from before to after puberty is associated with beneficial gains in bone traits and gradually lower relative fracture risk.
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| 6. |
- Kiss, Nicole, et al.
(författare)
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Exercise and Nutritional Approaches to Combat Cancer-Related Bone and Muscle Loss.
- 2020
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Ingår i: Current osteoporosis reports. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1544-2241 .- 1544-1873. ; 18:3, s. 291-300
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- PURPOSE OF REVIEW: The aim of this narrative review is to summarise recent literature on the effects of exercise and nutrition interventions alone or in combination on muscle and bone loss in people with cancer.RECENT FINDINGS: There is emerging evidence to support the inclusion of targeted exercise and nutrition strategies to counter loss of muscle and bone associated with cancer treatments. Although research in this field is advancing, the optimal exercise and nutrition prescription to combat cancer-related bone and muscle loss remain unknown. This review identifies specific components of nutrition and exercise interventions that are promising although require further exploration through studies designed to determine the effect on muscle and bone. A focused research effort is required to elucidate the full potential of exercise and nutrition intervention for people with cancer at risk of bone and muscle loss.
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| 7. |
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| 8. |
- McCloskey, Eugene V, et al.
(författare)
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From relative risk to absolute fracture risk calculation: the FRAX algorithm.
- 2009
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Ingår i: Current osteoporosis reports. - 1544-2241 .- 1544-1873. ; 7:3, s. 77-83
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- FRAX is a computer-based algorithm that provides models for the assessment of fracture probability in men and women (http://www.shef.ac.uk/FRAX). The approach uses easily obtained clinical risk factors to estimate 10-year fracture probability, with or without femoral neck bone mineral density (BMD), to enhance fracture risk prediction. It has been constructed using primary data from population-based cohorts around the world. The gradients of fracture risk have been validated in independent cohorts with a similar geographic distribution. The FRAX tool should not be considered as a gold standard, but rather as a platform technology on which to build as new validated risk indicators become available. Notwithstanding, the present models provide an aid to enhance patient assessment by the integration of clinical risk factors alone and/or in combination with BMD. This article describes the steps undertaken in the development of FRAX.
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| 9. |
- Mitchell, Paul J., et al.
(författare)
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Quality Improvement Initiatives in Fragility Fracture Care and Prevention
- 2019
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Ingår i: Current Osteoporosis Reports. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1544-1873 .- 1544-2241. ; 17:6, s. 510-520
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Purpose of Review: This review sought to describe quality improvement initiatives in fragility fracture care and prevention. Recent Findings: A major care gap persists throughout the world in the secondary prevention of fragility fractures. Systematic reviews have confirmed that the Fracture Liaison Service (FLS) model of care is associated with significant improvements in rates of bone mineral density testing, initiation of osteoporosis treatment and adherence with treatment for individuals who sustain fragility fractures. Further, these improvements in the processes of care resulted in significant reductions in refracture risk and lower post-fracture mortality. The primary challenge facing health systems now is to ensure that best practice is delivered effectively in the local healthcare setting. Publication of clinical standards for FLS at the organisational and patient level in combination with the establishment of national registries has provided a mechanism for FLS to benchmark and improve their performance. Summary: Major efforts are ongoing at the global, regional and national level to improve the acute care, rehabilitation and secondary prevention for individuals who sustain fragility fractures. Active participation in these initiatives has the potential to eliminate current care gaps in the coming decade.
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| 10. |
- Swolin-Eide, Diana, 1968, et al.
(författare)
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Does Whole-Body Vibration Treatment Make Childrens Bones Stronger?
- 2020
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Ingår i: CURRENT OSTEOPOROSIS REPORTS. - : SPRINGER. - 1544-1873 .- 1544-2241. ; 18, s. 471-479
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Purpose of Review To summarize the last 10 years of literature regarding the effects of whole-body vibration (WBV) on bone in children, and if WBV results in increased bone acquisition. Recent Findings WBV intervention appears to be a safe intervention with beneficial effects on bone mass in some diseases and syndromes, but there is still low evidence for WBV in clinical practice. The positive effects on muscle strength, balance, and walking speed are more conclusive. One of the takeaways of this review is that well-trained individuals may not further improve bone mass with WBV; thus, interventions are more beneficial in pediatric individuals with Down syndrome or severe motor disabilities with low bone mass and reduced activity levels. WBV appears to be a safe non-pharmacological anabolic approach to increase bone mass in some pediatric populations; however, longer (> 6 months) and larger prospective studies are needed to elucidate the efficacy of WBV on bone health in young individuals.
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