| 1. |
- Abera, Asmamaw, et al.
(författare)
-
Air Quality in Africa : Public Health Implications
- 2021
-
Ingår i: Annual review of public health. - : Annual Reviews. - 0163-7525 .- 1545-2093. ; 42, s. 193-210
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This review highlights the importance of air quality in the African urban development process. We address connections between air pollution and (a) rapid urbanization, (b) social problems, (c) health impacts, (d) climate change, (e) policies, and ( f ) new innovations. We acknowledge that air pollution levels in Africa can be extremely high and a serious health threat. The toxic content of the pollution could relate to region-specific sources such as low standards for vehicles and fuels, cooking with solid fuels, and burning household waste. We implore the pursuit of interdisciplinary research to create new approaches with relevant stakeholders. Moreover, successful air pollution research must regard conflicts, tensions, and synergies inherent to development processes in African municipalities, regions, and countries. This includes global relationships regarding climate change, trade, urban planning, and transportation. Incorporating aspects of local political situations (e.g., democracy) can also enhance greater political accountability and awareness about air pollution. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Public Health, Volume 42 is April 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
|
|
| 2. |
- Bygren, Lars Olov, 1936-, et al.
(författare)
-
Intergenerational health responses to adverse and enriched environments
- 2013
-
Ingår i: Annual review of public health (Print). - : Annual Reviews. - 0163-7525 .- 1545-2093. ; 34, s. 49-60
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Health consequences of relative or absolute poverty constitute a definitive area of study in social medicine. As demonstrated in the extreme example of the Dutch Hunger Winter from 1944 to 1945, prenatal hunger can lead to adult schizophrenia and depression. A Norwegian study showed how childhood poverty resulted in a heightened risk of myocardial infarction in adulthood. In England, a study of extended impaired prenatal nutrition indicated three different types of increased cardiovascular risk at older ages. Current animal and human studies link both adverse and enriched environmental exposures to intergenerational transmission. We do not fully understand the molecular mechanisms for it; however, studies that follow up epigenetic marks within a generation combined with exploration of gametic epigenetic inheritance may help explain the prevalence of certain conditions such as cardiovascular disease, schizophrenia, and alcoholism, which have complex etiologies. Insights from these studies will be of great public health importance.
|
|
| 3. |
- Dooley, D, et al.
(författare)
-
Health and unemployment
- 1996
-
Ingår i: Annual review of public health. - : Annual Reviews. - 0163-7525 .- 1545-2093. ; 17, s. 449-465
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)
|
|
| 4. |
- Feychting, M, et al.
(författare)
-
EMF and health
- 2005
-
Ingår i: Annual review of public health. - : Annual Reviews. - 0163-7525 .- 1545-2093. ; 26, s. 165-189
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- ▪ Abstract Electric and magnetic fields are ubiquitous in the modern society, and concerns have been expressed regarding possible adverse effects of these exposures. This review covers epidemiologic research on health effects of exposures to static, extremely low-frequency (ELF), and radio frequency (RF) fields. Research on ELF fields has been performed for more than two decades, and the methodology and quality of studies have improved over time. Studies have consistently shown increased risk for childhood leukemia associated with ELF magnetic fields, whereas ELF fields most likely are not a risk factor for breast cancer and cardiovascular disease. There are still inadequate data for other outcomes. More recently, focus has shifted toward RF exposures from mobile telephony. There are no persuasive data suggesting a health risk, but this research field is still immature with regard to the quantity and quality of available data. This technology is constantly changing and there is a need for continued research on this issue. Almost no epidemiologic data are available for static fields.
|
|
| 5. |
- Hartig, Terry, et al.
(författare)
-
Nature and health
- 2014
-
Ingår i: Annual review of public health (Print). - 0163-7525 .- 1545-2093. ; :35, s. 207-228
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)
|
|
| 6. |
- Lyall, K, et al.
(författare)
-
The Changing Epidemiology of Autism Spectrum Disorders
- 2017
-
Ingår i: Annual review of public health. - : Annual Reviews. - 1545-2093 .- 0163-7525. ; 38, s. 81-102
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a complex neurodevelopmental condition with lifelong impacts. Genetic and environmental factors contribute to ASD etiology, which remains incompletely understood. Research on ASD epidemiology has made significant advances in the past decade. Current prevalence is estimated to be at least 1.5% in developed countries, with recent increases primarily among those without comorbid intellectual disability. Genetic studies have identified a number of rare de novo mutations and gained footing in the areas of polygenic risk, epigenetics, and gene-by-environment interaction. Epidemiologic investigations focused on nongenetic factors have established advanced parental age and preterm birth as ASD risk factors, indicated that prenatal exposure to air pollution and short interpregnancy interval are potential risk factors, and suggested the need for further exploration of certain prenatal nutrients, metabolic conditions, and exposure to endocrine-disrupting chemicals. We discuss future challenges and goals for ASD epidemiology as well as public health implications.
|
|
| 7. |
- Roosli, M, et al.
(författare)
-
Brain and Salivary Gland Tumors and Mobile Phone Use: Evaluating the Evidence from Various Epidemiological Study Designs
- 2019
-
Ingår i: Annual review of public health. - : Annual Reviews. - 1545-2093 .- 0163-7525. ; 40, s. 221-238
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Mobile phones (MPs) are the most relevant source of radiofrequency electromagnetic field (RF-EMF) exposure to the brain and the salivary gland. Whether this exposure implies a cancer risk has been addressed in several case-control and few cohort studies. A meta-analysis of these studies does not show increased risks for meningioma, pituitary, and salivary gland tumors. For glioma and acoustic neuroma, the results are heterogeneous, with few case-control studies reporting substantially increased risks. However, these elevated risks are not coherent with observed incidence time trends, which are considered informative for this specific topic owing to the steep increase in MP use, the availability of virtually complete cancer registry data from many countries, and the limited number of known competing environmental risk factors. In conclusion, epidemiological studies do not suggest increased brain or salivary gland tumor risk with MP use, although some uncertainty remains regarding long latency periods (>15 years), rare brain tumor subtypes, and MP usage during childhood.
|
|
| 8. |
- Smith, Kirk R., et al.
(författare)
-
Energy and human health
- 2013
-
Ingår i: Annual review of public health (Print). - : ANNUAL REVIEWS. - 0163-7525 .- 1545-2093. ; 34, s. 159-188
-
Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Energy use is central to human society and provides many health benefits. But each source of energy entails some health risks. This article reviews the health impacts of each major source of energy, focusing on those with major implications for the burden of disease globally. The biggest health impacts accrue to the harvesting and burning of solid fuels, coal and biomass, mainly in the form of occupational health risks and household and general ambient air pollution. Lack of access to clean fuels and electricity in the world's poor households is a particularly serious risk for health. Although energy efficiency brings many benefits, it also entails some health risks, as do renewable energy systems, if not managed carefully. We do not review health impacts of climate change itself, which are due mostly to climate-altering pollutants from energy systems, but do discuss the potential for achieving near-term health cobenefits by reducing certain climate-related emissions.
|
|
