| 1. |
- Aronsson, S., et al.
(författare)
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A live mindset in Live Virtual Constructive simulations : a spin-up for future LVC air combat training
- 2022
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Ingår i: The Journal of Defence Modeling and Simulation. - : SAGE Publications. - 1548-5129 .- 1557-380X.
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Combining Live, Virtual, and Constructive (LVC) aircraft in the same training scenario holds promise for developing and enhancing fighter pilot training. The simulator study reported here builds on joint pilot-researcher co-design work of beyond visual range LVC training (LVC-T) scenarios to provide training value to pilots in both Live and Virtual aircraft. One fourship of pilots simulated Live entities by acting under peacetime restrictions, while other pilots acted as during regular Virtual training. The objective was to investigate pilots’ reflections on the implications of LVC-T and on the methodology used to provide hands-on experience of a plausible LVC-T scenario. The purpose is to inform the design and use of future LVC in air combat training from the perspective of training value. Results indicate that pilots are positive toward the LVC scenario design, especially the dynamics that a large-scale scenario brings to training of decision making. They indicate a high degree of presence, the need for specific regulations to enforce flight safety, and that restrictions put on the simulated Live entities had implications for the other pilots. In addition to regular Live (L) and simulator (V + C) training, LVC-T may enhance pilots’ repertoires and decision-making patterns.
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| 2. |
- Aronsson, Sanna, et al.
(författare)
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LVC Allocator : Aligning training value with scenario design for envisioned LVC training of fast-jet pilots
- 2022
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Ingår i: The Journal of Defence Modeling and Simulation. - : SAGE Publications. - 1548-5129 .- 1557-380X. ; 19:3, s. 287-298
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Live virtual constructive (LVC) flight simulations mix pilots flying actual aircraft, pilots flying in simulators, and computer- generated forces, in joint scenarios. Training resources invested in LVC scenarios must give a high return, and therefore pilots in both live aircraft and simulators need to experience training value for the extensive resources invested in both, an aspect not emphasized in current LVC research. Thus, there is a need for a function, in this article described as LVC Allocator, which assures that complex LVC training scenarios include aspects of training value for all participants, and, thus, purposefully align scenario design with training value. A series of workshops were carried out with 16 fast-jet pilots articulating the training challenges that LVC could contribute to solving, and allocating LVC entities in a training scenario design exercise. The training values for LVC included large scenarios, weapon delivery, flight safety, adversary performance, and weather dependence. These values guided the reasoning of how to allocate different entities to L, V, or C entities. Allocations were focused on adversaries as V, keeping entity types together, weather dependence, low-alti- tude and supersonic flying requirements, and to let L entities handle and lead complex tasks to keep the human in the loop.
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| 3. |
- Aronsson, Sanna, et al.
(författare)
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Supporting after action review in simulator mission training : Co-creating visualization concepts for training of fast-jet fighter pilots
- 2019
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Ingår i: The Journal of Defence Modeling and Simulation. - : Sage Publications. - 1548-5129 .- 1557-380X. ; 16:3, s. 219-231
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This article presents the design and evaluation of visualization concepts supporting After Action Review (AAR) in simulator mission training of fast-jet fighter pilots. The visualization concepts were designed based on three key characteristics of representations: re-representation, graphical constraining, and computational offloading. The visualization concepts represent combined parameters of missile launch and threat range, the former meant to elicit discussions about the prerequisites for launching missiles, and the latter to present details of what threats a certain aircraft is facing at a specific moment. The visualization concepts were designed to: 1) perceptually and cognitively offload mental workload from participants in support of determining relevant situations to discuss; 2) re-represent parameters in a format that facilitates reading-off of crucial information; and 3) graphically constrain plausible interpretations. Through a series of workshop iterations, two visualization concepts were developed and evaluated with 11 pilots and instructors. All pilots were unanimous in their opinion that the visualization concepts should be implemented as part of the AAR. Offloading, in terms of finding interesting events in the dynamic and unique training sessions, was the most important guiding concept, while re-representation and graphical constraining enabled a more structured and grounded collaboration during the AAR.
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| 4. |
- Erlandsson, Tina, et al.
(författare)
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An Air-to-Ground Combat Survivability Model
- 2015
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Ingår i: Journal of Defense Modeling and Simulation: Applications, Methodology, Technology. - : Sage Publications. - 1557-380X .- 1548-5129. ; 12:3, s. 273-287
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A survivability model can be a useful component of a tactical support system able to aid fighter pilots to assess the risk of getting hit by enemy fire from ground-based threats. This work identifies three desirable properties of such a model: it should allow for evaluating actions; it should enable domain experts to incorporate their knowledge; and it should represent uncertainties both regarding the locations of the threats as well as their future actions. A survivability model issuggested, which calculates the probability that the aircraft can fly a route unharmed and allows for routes of different lengths to be compared. A domain expert can describe the threats by specifying the risk of getting hit at a position of the route without having to consider the earlier actions of the aircraft and the threats. Three different threat models are suggested and compared. The influence of uncertainties regarding the positions of the threats is studied by calculating the probability density function for the survivability. Different representations that take into account both the uncertainty regarding the present and future situation are discussed. The results indicate that the suggested survivability model could be a useful component of a future tactical support system, even though some further development is needed.
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| 5. |
- Gustavsson, Per M., 1965-, et al.
(författare)
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Operations Intent and Effects Model
- 2011
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Ingår i: The Journal of Defence Modeling and Simulation. - : Sage Publications. - 1548-5129 .- 1557-380X. ; 8:1, s. 37-59
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Military missions in the 21st century are characterized by combinations of traditional symmetric conventional warfare, irregular warfare, and operations other than war. The inherent uncertainty in an actual mission and the variety of potential organizations (e.g. multi-agency, non-governmental, private volunteer, international, international corporations) from several countries that support the mission makes collaboration and co-ordination a key capability for command and control. The ability to communicate and automatically process intent and effects is vital in order for a commander to cooperate with other organizations and agencies and lead subordinates in such a way that the overall mission is completed in the best possible way, including exploitation of fleeting opportunities, i.e. enable for self-synchronization amongst teams and allow for subordinate initiatives. However, intent and effects are often absent in the current and forthcoming digitalized information models, and if intent and effects are present it is likely to be found that the representations are made as free-text fields based on natural language. However, such messages are very difficult to disambiguate, particularly for automated machine systems. The overall objective for the Operations Intent and Effects Model is to support operational and simulated systems by a conceptual intent and effects model and a formalism that is human and machine interpretable.
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| 6. |
- Pandya, Sharnil, Researcher, 1984-, et al.
(författare)
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Analysis of NOMA-OFDM 5G wireless system using deep neural network
- 2021
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Ingår i: The Journal of Defence Modeling and Simulation. - : Sage Publications. - 1548-5129 .- 1557-380X. ; 19:4, s. 799-806
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this work, a multiple user deep neural network-based non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) receiver is investigated considering channel estimation error. The decoding of the symbol in the case of the NOMA system follows the sequential order and decoding accuracy depends on the detection of the previous user. Without estimating the throughput, a deep neural network-based NOMA orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) system is proposed to decode the symbols from the users. Firstly, the deep neural network is trained. Secondly, the data are trained and lastly, the data are tested for various users. In this work, for various values of signal to noise ratio, the performance of the deep neural network is investigated, and the bit error rate (BER) is calculated on a per subcarrier basis. The simulation results show that the deep neural network is more robust to symbol distortion due to inter-symbol information and will obtain knowledge of the channel state information using data testing.
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| 7. |
- Söderberg, Håkan, 1966, et al.
(författare)
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In video war games, are military personnel's fixation patterns different compared with those of civilians?
- 2012
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Ingår i: The Journal of Defense Modeling and Simulation: Applications, Methodology, Technology. - : Sage Publications. - 1557-380X .- 1548-5129. ; 11:4, s. 329-338
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- For combat personnel in urban operations, situational awareness is critical and of major importance for a safe and efficient performance. One way to train situational awareness is to adopt video games. Twenty military and 20 civilian subjects played the game “Close Combat: First to Fight” on two different platforms, Xbox and PC, wearing an eye tracker. The purpose was to investigate if the visual search strategies used in a game correspond to live training, and how military-trained personnel search for visual information in a game environment. A total of 27,081 fixations were generated through a centroid mode algorithm and analyzed frame-by-frame, 48% of them from military personnel. Military personnel’s visual search strategies were different from those of civilians. Fixation durations were, however, equally short, that is, about 170 ms, for both groups. Surprisingly, the military-trained personnel’s fixation patterns were less orientated towards tactical objects and areas of interest than the civilians’; the underlying mechanisms remaining unclear. Military training was apparently not advantageous with respect to playing “Close Combat: First to Fight”. Further research within the area of gaming, military training and visual search strategies is warranted.
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