| 1. |
- Ashton, Stephanie, et al.
(författare)
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The Index of Intrusion Control (IIC) : Capturing individual variability in intentional intrusion control in the laboratory
- 2024
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Ingår i: Behavior Research Methods. - : Springer Nature. - 1554-351X .- 1554-3528. ; 56:4, s. 4061-4072
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Intrusive memories can be downregulated using intentional memory control, as measured via the Think/No-Think paradigm. In this task, participants retrieve or suppress memories in response to an associated reminder cue. After each suppression trial, participants rate whether the association intruded into awareness. Previous research has found that repeatedly exerting intentional control over memory intrusions reduces their frequency. This decrease is often summarised with a linear index, which may miss more complex patterns characterising the temporal dynamics of intrusion control. The goal of this paper is to propose a novel metric of intrusion control that captures those dynamic changes over time as a single index. Results from a mega-analysis of published datasets revealed that the change in intrusion frequencies across time is not purely linear, but also includes non-linear dynamics that seem best captured by a log function of the number of suppression attempts. To capture those linear and non-linear dynamics, we propose the Index of Intrusion Control (IIC), which relies on the integral of intrusion changes across suppression attempts. Simulations revealed that the IIC best captured the linear and non-linear dynamics of intrusion suppression when compared with other linear or non-linear indexes of control, such as the regression slope or Spearman correlation, respectively. Our findings demonstrate how the IIC may therefore act as a more reliable metric to capture individual differences in intrusion control, and examine the role of non-linear dynamics characterizing the conscious access to unwanted memories.
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| 2. |
- Buatois, Alexis, 1989, et al.
(författare)
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A simple semi-automated home-tank method and procedure to explore classical associative learning in adult zebrafish
- 2024
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Ingår i: Behavior Research Methods. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1554-351X .- 1554-3528. ; 56, s. 736-749
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The zebrafish is a laboratory species that gained increasing popularity the last decade in a variety of subfields of biology, including toxicology, ecology, medicine, and the neurosciences. An important phenotype often measured in these fields is behaviour. Consequently, numerous new behavioural apparati and paradigms have been developed for the zebrafish, including methods for the analysis of learning and memory in adult zebrafish. Perhaps the biggest obstacle in these methods is that zebrafish is particularly sensitive to human handling. To overcome this confound, automated learning paradigms have been developed with varying success. In this manuscript, we present a semi-automated home tank-based learning/memory test paradigm utilizing visual cues, and show that it is capable of quantifying classical associative learning performance in zebrafish. We demonstrate that in this task, zebrafish successfully acquire the association between coloured-light and food reward. The hardware and software components of the task are easy and cheap to obtain and simple to assemble and set up. The procedures of the paradigm allow the test fish to remain completely undisturbed by the experimenter for several days in their home (test) tank, eliminating human handling or human interference induced stress. We demonstrate that the development of cheap and simple automated home-tank-based learning paradigms for the zebrafish is feasible. We argue that such tasks will allow us to better characterize numerous cognitive and mnemonic features of the zebrafish, including elemental as well as configural learning and memory, which will, in turn, also enhance our ability to study neurobiological mechanisms underlying learning and memory using this model organism.
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| 3. |
- Englund, Mats P., et al.
(författare)
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An inexpensive and accurate method of measuring the force of responses in reaction time research
- 2009
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Ingår i: Behavior Research Methods. - : Psychonomic Society. - 1554-351X .- 1554-3528. ; 41:4, s. 1254-1261
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Together with reaction time (RT), the force with which people respond to stimuli can provide important clues about cognitive and affective processes. We discuss some of the issues surrounding the accurate measurement and interpretation of response force, and present a response key by which response force can be measured regularly and unobtrusively in RT research. The advantage of the response key described is that it operates like a standard response key of the type used regularly in classic RT experiments. The construction of the response key is described in detail and its potential assessed by way of an experiment examining response force in a simple reaction task to visual stimuli of increasing brightness and size.
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| 4. |
- Fjeld, Morten, 1965, et al.
(författare)
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Epistemic action: a measure for cognitive support in tangible user interfaces?
- 2009
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Ingår i: Behavior Research Methods. - 1554-351X .- 1554-3528. ; 41:3, s. 876-881
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The quality of user interfaces is often measured in terms of efficiency, effectiveness, and satisfaction. In the area of tangible user interfaces, epistemic—or exploratory—action has been suggested as a fourth measure of quality. In a computer game study (Kirsh & Maglio, 1992, 1994), players used epistemic actions to modify the environment, which helped them determine the correct position of blocks with less mental effort. There, the researchers found that it might be easier to physically modify the external world and then interpret it than to compute and interpret a new state mentally. Specifically, epistemic action may be a relevant concept when researching tangible user interfaces incorporating physical handles. This article examines the potential relations between the three traditional measures of usability and epistemic actions using three spatial planning tools with different degrees of physicality. The results indicate that epistemic action is a measure that is independent of the three traditional usability measures: efficiency, effectiveness, and satisfaction. However, epistemic action does not increase linearly with the physicality of a user interface, and it probably is a more complex measure that is also related to the reusability of the interface. Further research is needed to fully understand the potential of this measure.
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| 5. |
- Issa Mattos, David, 1990, et al.
(författare)
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Bayesian paired comparison with the bpcs package
- 2022
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Ingår i: Behavior Research Methods. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1554-351X .- 1554-3528. ; 54, s. 2025-2045
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This article introduces the bpcs R package (Bayesian Paired Comparison in Stan) and the statistical models implemented in the package. This package aims to facilitate the use of Bayesian models for paired comparison data in behavioral research. Bayesian analysis of paired comparison data allows parameter estimation even in conditions where the maximum likelihood does not exist, allows easy extension of paired comparison models, provides straightforward interpretation of the results with credible intervals, has better control of type I error, has more robust evidence towards the null hypothesis, allows propagation of uncertainties, includes prior information, and performs well when handling models with many parameters and latent variables. The bpcs package provides a consistent interface for R users and several functions to evaluate the posterior distribution of all parameters to estimate the posterior distribution of any contest between items and to obtain the posterior distribution of the ranks. Three reanalyses of recent studies that used the frequentist Bradley-Terry model are presented. These reanalyses are conducted with the Bayesian models of the bpcs package, and all the code used to fit the models, generate the figures, and the tables are available in the online appendix.
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| 6. |
- Kaatiala, Jussi, et al.
(författare)
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A graphical user interface for infant ERP analysis
- 2014
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Ingår i: Behavior Research Methods. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1554-351X .- 1554-3528. ; 46:3, s. 745-757
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Recording of event-related potentials (ERPs) is one of the best-suited technologies for examining brain function in human infants. Yet the existing software packages are not optimized for the unique requirements of analyzing artifact-prone ERP data from infants. We developed a new graphical user interface that enables an efficient implementation of a two-stage approach to the analysis of infant ERPs. In the first stage, video records of infant behavior are synchronized with ERPs at the level of individual trials to reject epochs with noncompliant behavior and other artifacts. In the second stage, the interface calls MATLAB and EEGLAB (Delorme & Makeig, Journal of Neuroscience Methods 134(1):9-21, 2004) functions for further preprocessing of the ERP signal itself (i.e., filtering, artifact removal, interpolation, and rereferencing). Finally, methods are included for data visualization and analysis by using bootstrapped group averages. Analyses of simulated and real EEG data demonstrated that the proposed approach can be effectively used to establish task compliance, remove various types of artifacts, and perform representative visualizations and statistical comparisons of ERPs. The interface is available for download from http://www.uta.fi/med/icl/methods/eeg.html in a format that is widely applicable to ERP studies with special populations and open for further editing by users.
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| 7. |
- Leppänen, Jukka M, et al.
(författare)
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Widely applicable MATLAB routines for automated analysis of saccadic reaction times
- 2015
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Ingår i: Behavior Research Methods. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1554-351X .- 1554-3528. ; 47:2, s. 538-548
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Saccadic reaction time (SRT) is a widely used dependent variable in eye-tracking studies of human cognition and its disorders. SRTs are also frequently measured in studies with special populations, such as infants and young children, who are limited in their ability to follow verbal instructions and remain in a stable position over time. In this article, we describe a library of MATLAB routines (Mathworks, Natick, MA) that are designed to (1) enable completely automated implementation of SRT analysis for multiple data sets and (2) cope with the unique challenges of analyzing SRTs from eye-tracking data collected from poorly cooperating participants. The library includes preprocessing and SRT analysis routines. The preprocessing routines (i.e., moving median filter and interpolation) are designed to remove technical artifacts and missing samples from raw eye-tracking data. The SRTs are detected by a simple algorithm that identifies the last point of gaze in the area of interest, but, critically, the extracted SRTs are further subjected to a number of postanalysis verification checks to exclude values contaminated by artifacts. Example analyses of data from 5- to 11-month-old infants demonstrated that SRTs extracted with the proposed routines were in high agreement with SRTs obtained manually from video records, robust against potential sources of artifact, and exhibited moderate to high test-retest stability. We propose that the present library has wide utility in standardizing and automating SRT-based cognitive testing in various populations. The MATLAB routines are open source and can be downloaded from http://www.uta.fi/med/icl/methods.html .
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| 8. |
- Lidestam, Björn
(författare)
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Audiovisual presentation of video-recorded stimuli at a high frame rate
- 2014
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Ingår i: Behavior Research Methods. - : Springer Verlag (Germany). - 1554-351X .- 1554-3528. ; 46:2, s. 499-516
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A method for creating and presenting video-recorded synchronized audiovisual stimuli at a high frame rate-which would be highly useful for psychophysical studies on, for example, just-noticeable differences and gating-is presented. Methods for accomplishing this include recording audio and video separately using an exact synchronization signal, editing the recordings and finding exact synchronization points, and presenting the synchronized audiovisual stimuli with a desired frame rate on a cathode ray tube display using MATLAB and Psychophysics Toolbox 3. The methods from an empirical gating study (Moradi, Lidestam, and Ronnberg, Frontiers in Psychology 4: 359, 2013) are presented as an example of the implementation of playback at 120 fps.
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| 9. |
- Łuniewska, Magdalena, et al.
(författare)
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Ratings of age of acquisition of 299 words across 25 languages : is there a cross-linguistic order of words?
- 2016
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Ingår i: Behavior Research Methods. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1554-3528 .- 1554-351X. ; 48:3, s. 1154-1177
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We present a new set of subjective age-of-acquisition (AoA) ratings for 299 words (158 nouns, 141 verbs) in 25 languages from five language families (Afro-Asiatic: Semitic languages; Altaic: one Turkic language: Indo-European: Baltic, Celtic, Germanic, Hellenic, Slavic, and Romance languages; Niger-Congo: one Bantu language; Uralic: Finnic and Ugric languages). Adult native speakers reported the age at which they had learned each word. We present a comparison of the AoA ratings across all languages by contrasting them in pairs. This comparison shows a consistency in the orders of ratings across the 25 languages. The data were then analyzed (1) to ascertain how the demographic characteristics of the participants influenced AoA estimations and (2) to assess differences caused by the exact form of the target question (when did you learn vs. when do children learn this word); (3) to compare the ratings obtained in our study to those of previous studies; and (4) to assess the validity of our study by comparison with quasi-objective AoA norms derived from the MacArthur–Bates Communicative Development Inventories (MB-CDI). All 299 words were judged as being acquired early (mostly before the age of 6 years). AoA ratings were associated with the raters’ social or language status, but not with the raters’ age or education. Parents reported words as being learned earlier, and bilinguals reported learning them later. Estimations of the age at which children learn the words revealed significantly lower ratings of AoA. Finally, comparisons with previous AoA and MB-CDI norms support the validity of the present estimations. Our AoA ratings are available for research or other purposes.
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| 10. |
- Niehorster, Diederick C., et al.
(författare)
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Characterizing gaze position signals and synthesizing noise during fixations in eye-tracking data
- 2020
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Ingår i: Behavior Research Methods. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1554-351X .- 1554-3528. ; 52:6, s. 2515-2534
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The magnitude of variation in the gaze position signals recorded by an eye tracker, also known as its precision, is an important aspect of an eye tracker’s data quality. However, data quality of eye-tracking signals is still poorly understood. In this paper, we therefore investigate the following: (1) How do the various available measures characterizing eye-tracking data during fixation relate to each other? (2) How are they influenced by signal type? (3) What type of noise should be used to augment eye-tracking data when evaluating eye-movement analysis methods? To support our analysis, this paper presents new measures to characterize signal type and signal magnitude based on RMS-S2S and STD, two established measures of precision. Simulations are performed to investigate how each of these measures depends on the number of gaze position samples over which they are calculated, and to reveal how RMS-S2S and STD relate to each other and to measures characterizing the temporal spectrum composition of the recorded gaze position signal. Further empirical investigations were performed using gaze position data recorded with five eye trackers from human and artificial eyes. We found that although the examined eye trackers produce gaze position signals with different characteristics, the relations between precision measures derived from simulations are borne out by the data. We furthermore conclude that data with a range of signal type values should be used to assess the robustness of eye-movement analysis methods. We present a method for generating artificial eye-tracker noise of any signal type and magnitude.
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