| 1. |
- Amjadi, Golnaz, 1982-, et al.
(författare)
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A dynamic analysis of industrial energy efficiency and the rebound effect : implications for carbon emissions and sustainability
- 2022
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Ingår i: Energy Efficiency. - : Springer Nature. - 1570-646X .- 1570-6478. ; 15:7
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Energy efficiency improvement (EEI) is generally known to be a cost-effective measure for meeting energy, climate, and sustainable growth targets. Unfortunately, behavioral responses to such improvements (called energy rebound effects) may reduce the expected savings in energy and emissions from EEI. Hence, the size of this effect should be considered to help design efficient energy and climate targets. Currently, there are significant differences in approaches for measuring the rebound effect. Here, we used a two-step procedure to measure both short- and long-term energy rebound effects in the Swedish manufacturing industry. In the first step, we used data envelopment analysis (DEA) to measure energy efficiency. In the second step, we use the efficiency scores and estimated a derived energy demand equation including rebound effects using a dynamic panel regression model. This approach was applied to a firm-level panel dataset covering 14 sectors in Swedish manufacturing over the period 1997–2008. We showed that, in the short run, partial and statistically significant rebound effects exist within all manufacturing sectors, meaning that the rebound effect decreased the energy and emission savings expected from EEI. The long-term rebound effect was in general smaller than the short-term effect, implying that within each sector, energy and emission savings due to EEI are larger in the long run compared to the short run. Using our estimates of energy efficiency and rebound effect, we further performed a post-estimation analysis to provide a guide to policy makers by identifying sectors where EEI have the most potential to promote sustainable economic growth with the lowest environmental impact.
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| 2. |
- Andersson, David, 1979, et al.
(författare)
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Estimating car use rebound effects from Swedish microdata
- 2019
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Ingår i: Energy Efficiency. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1570-646X .- 1570-6478. ; 12, s. 2215-2225
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The direct rebound effect for private car transport was estimated by following a large sample of Swedish households (28,876) that acquired a new car in 2009. For some households, this resulted in an improvement in fuel efficiency, whereas others acquired a less or similarly fuel efficient car. The households' travel distances were measured and analysed for a period of 3 years before and 3 years after the car was replaced. This approach differs from previous econometric analyses in which fleet-average changes in distance travelled were studied, often using fluctuations in fuel cost as a proxy for changes in fuel efficiency. No significant bivariate relationship was found between changes in fuel efficiency and annual distance travelled but a multivariate analysis that also included changes in income, number of cars in the household, car weight and car power, resulted in a significant rebound effect of 24 %. Households who bought a car that was labelled 'green' did not exhibit any rebound effect, while households who bought a 'normal' car displayed a rebound effect of 32 %. This could indicate that households that buy a car with improved fuel efficiency for environmental reasons also avoid the economically induced rebound effect. The analysis did not indicate any significant differences in the rebound effect between different socio-demographic groups.
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| 3. |
- Anund Vogel, Jonas, 1981-, et al.
(författare)
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Problem areas related to energy efficiency implementation in Swedish multifaily buildings
- 2015
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Ingår i: Energy Efficiency. - : Springer. - 1570-646X .- 1570-6478.
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper investigates problem areas related to energy efficiency implementation in Swedish multifamily buildings. The paper first presents a generic list of (theoretical) problem areas identified through a literature survey. Using a qualitative approach, the paper also investigates if the problem areas identified in the literature also have an impact on the Swedish building sector. Results from the interview study reveal a strong coherence between problem areas in the literature and those expressed by the interviewees. However, this paper identifies seven novel challenges that cannot be derived from the list of barriers in the literature. Moreover, results reveal that as many as 12 problem areas have their origin in national factors such as agreement structures, incentive schemes, and cost calculation methods.
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| 4. |
- Backlund, Sandra, 1986-, et al.
(författare)
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Energy service collaborations—it is a question of trust
- 2013
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Ingår i: Energy Efficiency. - : Springer Netherlands. - 1570-646X .- 1570-6478. ; 6:3, s. 511-521
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Energy services have been highlighted both in European Union directives and in academic literature as an important tool to increase energy efficiency. Performance-based energy services, i.e., outsourcing energy management in performance-based remuneration contracts, is said to overcome many of the barriers that have been used to explain the energy efficiency gap. Energy service companies (ESCOs) help organizations to implement energy-efficient solutions in order to reduce energy costs. By combining science and technology studies (STS) analysis and economics in an interview study of firms, the paper contributes insights on the relational nature of energy service collaborations. The objective of the study is to describe how knowledge and incentives affect trust between partners in performance-remunerated energy service collaborations. Performance-based remuneration is one aspect that makes energy service contracts complex. On the one hand, risk is recognized as an important barrier to energy efficiency. Since remuneration to ESCOs is based on energy savings, they also share the financial and technical project risk with their clients. On the other hand, performance-based remuneration can create a lack of trust. Performance is measured in calculations made by the ESCO, calculations that demand expertise that client firms do not possess. ESCOs are consulted for their knowledge on energy efficiency and therefore an imbalance of knowledge is in the nature of energy service collaborations. The paper concludes that if the initial doubt is overcome, long-term collaborations can be advantageous for both parties, since this builds trust and generates long-term profits.
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| 5. |
- Bastian, Z., et al.
(författare)
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Retrofit with Passive House components
- 2022
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Ingår i: Energy Efficiency. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1570-646X .- 1570-6478. ; 15:1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The Passive House is a performance-based efficiency standard for new buildings. The factors that lead to very low heating and cooling demands include compact shape, favourable orientation and size of windows, good insulation, optimised thermal bridges, high-performance glazing, insulated window frames, airtightness, mechanical ventilation with heat or energy recovery, cool colours and solar control. Many of these components can also be used in retrofits of existing buildings, although Passive House levels of energy efficiency are often hard to achieve in renovation. EnerPHit is a voluntary standard for high-efficiency retrofits that is based on the use of typical Passive House components. It pursues economic efficiency and simultaneously addresses thermal comfort, indoor air quality, climate protection and hygrothermal performance. This paper is the first fully comprehensive publication of the foundations upon which the EnerPHit criteria were developed. Furthermore, we present five EnerPHit example buildings, including energy consumption data, costs and solutions for the challenges that arose in the practical implementation: a multifamily residence in Frankfurt, Germany, two row houses in Hereford, the UK and New York, USA, a school in Innsbruck, Austria, and a high-rise in Gothenburg, Sweden. Where measured performance data are available, they confirm very low energy consumptions of the refurbishments. The corresponding investments can be profitable.
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| 6. |
- Bengtsson, Peder, 1968-, et al.
(författare)
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Concept Study of a New Method for Drying Dishware in a Heat Pump Dishwater
- 2017
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Ingår i: Energy Efficiency. - : Springer Nature. - 1570-646X .- 1570-6478. ; 10:6, s. 1529-1538
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In a heat pump dishwasher, the whole dishwasher with the cabinet, dishware and process water is the heat sink, while a water tank, whose contents will freeze, is the heat source. The aim of the experimental concept study presented here was to evaluate a new drying method for a heat pump dishwasher. In this method, the drying of the dishware occurs as a fan circulates humid air in a closed system in which the water on the dishware evaporates inside the warm dishwasher cabinet and then condenses on a cold surface of the frozen water tank. The evaluation of drying performance was based on the European standard EN50242, which considers visible water drops left on the dishware after a completed dishwashing cycle. The results showed that this new closed drying method was more energy efficient compared to an existing open drying method, and that the drying start temperature and the drying time had a significant effect on the drying performance. Its lower electricity consumption and the fact that it does not vent humid air into the kitchen gives this heat pump dishwasher a competitive advantage over dishwashers using an open drying method.
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| 7. |
- Bergquist, Ann-Kristin, et al.
(författare)
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Sustainable energy transition: the case of the Swedish pulp and paper industry 1973–1990
- 2015
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Ingår i: Energy Efficiency. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1570-646X .- 1570-6478. ; 9:5, s. 1179-1192
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- By employing historical case study methodology, this paper examines the transition towards renewable energy and increased energy efficiency in the Swedish pulp and paper industry (PPI) during the 1970s and 1980s. Between 1973 and 1990, CO2 emissions were cut by 80 % in this sector, and this was mainly achieved by substituting away from oil to biofuels in the form of byproducts from the pulp manufacturing process. The CO2 reduction was also a result of energy efficiency improvements and increased internal production of electricity through back-pressure turbine power generation. Sweden was highly dependent on oil at the advent of the first Oil Crisis in 1973, and the increased oil prices put pressure on the Swedish government and the energy-intensive PPI to reduce this oil dependency. Of central importance for the energy transition was the highly collaborative strategy of the PPI, both internally among pulp mills as well as between the sector as a whole and the corporatist Swedish state administration. The Swedish government chose a proactive strategy by emphasizing knowledge management and collaboration with the industry along with the substitution of internal biofuels for oil. The transition was also characterized by a strong focus on unutilized potentials in the PPI; a previous waste problem now could be transformed into energy savings and improved energy efficiency. Energy taxes and fees also played an important role in Swedish energy policy during the 1970s and the 1980s. All in all, the study illustrates the central role of governments and their ability to push industrial sectors into new technological pathways through a wide palette of mutually reinforcing policy instruments. The results further point at the importance of a more holistic understanding of the interplay between different policies and their impacts in the longer run.
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| 8. |
- Bergquist, Magnus, 1983, et al.
(författare)
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Using social norms in smart meters: the norm distance effect
- 2018
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Ingår i: Energy Efficiency. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1570-646X .- 1570-6478. ; 11:8, s. 2101-2109
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- © 2018, The Author(s). Normative feedback has shown to promote energy conservation, indicating that people are motivated to adjust their energy usage to others. Yet, the effect of social norms is conditional. Adding to past research, we proposed a norm distance effect, hypothesizing that the influential power of social norms increases as others’ behavior comes closer to peoples’ own behavior. In two experiments, we provided participants with normative information on energy usage through fictive smart phone applications. Results first conceptually replicated the norm alignment effect, showing that participants adjusted their energy usage intentions more when other peoples engaged in the approved rather than the disapproved behavior. In line with our norm distance hypothesis, both experiments found that people are more likely to adjust their behavior intentions to others as others’ behaviors come closer to their own behavior. These experiments contribute to past research on normative influence through smart meters, suggesting that norm distance can refine normative feedback promoting energy conservation.
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| 9. |
- Björklund, Martin, et al.
(författare)
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Lessons learnt from 20+years of research on multilevel governance of energy-efficient and zero-carbon buildings in the European Union
- 2023
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Ingår i: Energy Efficiency. - : Springer Nature. - 1570-646X .- 1570-6478. ; 16:8
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- At global scale, the building sector accounts for 40% of total energy end use and almost 35% of greenhouse gas emissions. This makes it one of the most important sectors to focus on for reaching the 1.5-2 degrees C target of the Paris Agreement, to enhance energy security of supply and to alleviate energy poverty. The European Union (EU) is often seen as a leader in climate governance, which is also true for energy efficiency. The improvement of energy performance of buildings has been part of EU public policy for more than 50 years, making the EU a pioneer in the policy domain. Based on a semi-structured review of the scientific literature (N = 90), this paper is aimed at drawing the lessons from research on governance of energy-efficient and zero-carbon buildings in the EU. As for the findings, there is a multitude of policy instruments developed on different levels of governance, more or less integrated and managed by different actors and no single instrument is sufficient to stimulate energy-efficient and zero-carbon buildings. Five key challenges are identified in the governance literature examining the transition towards energy efficiency and zero-carbon buildings. An ambiguous leadership, heterogeneity of implementation, lack of incentives, limitations of non-regulatory policies and market-based instruments, and limited diffusion between governance levels. We also conclude that most policy instruments focus on new buildings which is problematic since the greatest challenge in the transition is the renovation of the large existing building stock.
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| 10. |
- Bladh, Mats, 1953-
(författare)
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Energy effeicient lighting meets real home life
- 2011
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Ingår i: Energy efficiency. - : Springer. - 1570-6478 .- 1570-646X. ; 4:2, s. 235-245-
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Will the phase-out of inefficient lighting in the EU lower consumption of residential electricity significantly? Will LED-light replace other technologies for lighting in the near future? Implementation of the phase-out decision in the EU will push demand for efficient lighting technologies. One of the most efficient types, Light-Emitting Diodes, promises even greater reductions than CFLs. However, in order to reap the gains from LEDs they must replace existing lamps and luminaires. This paper reports the findings from tests of LED-lights in real homes. It points at the limits of the LED-technology at sale in the market today, and the risk for a rebound effect. This paper also addresses the more general issue of theoretical development in the area of residential use of electricity. A “frame of interpretation” is presented in which the use of the lighting set in a home is the foundation. From this sociotechnical and path-dependent aspects on technical and cultural inertia and marginal change can be developed.
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