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- Ahrén, Bo, et al.
(författare)
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Clinical measures of islet function: usefulness to characterize defects in diabetes.
- 2008
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Ingår i: Current Diabetes Reviews. - 1573-3998. ; 4:2, s. 129-145
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In healthy individuals, the ability of the pancreatic islets to sense and respond appropriately to changes in plasma glucose levels maintains plasma glucose levels within a narrow range despite broad fluctuations in nutrient intake and variable "demand" for insulin imposed by changes in insulin sensitivity. This ability of the pancreatic islets is lost in type 2 diabetes (T2DM). For studies on the pathophysiology of T2DM, methods for analyzing islet function are therefore required. Many methods of varying degrees of complexity have been developed and used to measure pancreatic beta-cell function in humans and to characterize the defects existing in patients with T2DM or precursors thereof (impaired fasting glucose [IFG] and impaired glucose tolerance [IGT]). Significant, although perhaps less progress has been made toward development of methods to characterize alpha-cell function. This work presents an overview of clinical measures of islet function, from simple static measures such as HOMA-beta to the more complex dynamic measures such as those utilizing stepped hyperglycemic clamps and acute administration of arginine to obtain more detailed information regarding the interaction of glucose and non-glucose secretagogues. We emphazise the need for accurate measures of alpha-cell function, and we discuss the strengths and limitations of the various methods, highlighting the many aspects of both alpha- and beta-cell function that become impaired during development of T2DM.
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| 5. |
- Hudecova, Miriam, 1971-, et al.
(författare)
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Long-term Reproductive and Metabolic Consequences of PCOS
- 2012
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Ingår i: Current diabetes reviews. - : Bentham Science Publishers Ltd.. - 1875-6417 .- 1573-3998. ; 8:6, s. 444-451
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is associated with reproductive and metabolic consequences. The review of findings indicate that the long-term reproductive outcomes of women with PCOS are surprisingly similar compared to women with normal ovaries, and that they have an ovarian reserve possibly superior to women with normal ovaries. The typical features of PCOS, specifically the anovulatory cycles tend to normalize over time, but in spite of a decrease over time, free androgen levels remain elevated compared to age-matched control subjects. Women with PCOS diagnosed at young age continue to display reduced insulin sensitivity in the perimenopausal age, independent from phenotypic expression of PCOS, both at diagnosis and at follow-up. Insulin resistance does not seem to deteriorate further, however. Overall, the accumulated data from several European cohort studies of older women with a previous diagnosis of PCOS suggest an increased incidence of type 2 diabetes, increased prevalence of several features of the metabolic syndrome, but no increased incidence of mortality from CVD.
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| 6. |
- Injamul Hoq, Mohammad, et al.
(författare)
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Trends in the Prevalence of Hypertension and Type 2 Diabetes in Bangladesh (2010-2020): A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
- 2023
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Ingår i: Current Diabetes Reviews. - : Bentham Science Publishers Ltd.. - 1573-3998. ; 19:6
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background The prevalence of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) has increased in Bangladesh. This paper has reviewed published studies on hypertension and T2DM from 2010 to 2020 in Bangladesh and conducted a meta-analysis. Methods The PubMed database was used for systematic search. Hypertension and T2DM were considered for measuring pooled prevalence by meta-analysis. The random-effects model was used to calculate the pooled prevalence of hypertension (n = 30) and T2DM (n = 21) in relevant studies. The quality of the reviewed studies was determined by sampling strategy, sample size, and outcome assessment. The meta-analysis protocol was registered at PROSPERO (CRD42020206315). Results The pooled hypertension and T2DM prevalence was 21.6% (95% CI: 18.8%-24.4%) and 13.6% (95% CI: 10.8%-16.5%), respectively. Females were more hypertensive than males (M vs. F: 18.6% vs. 24.8%), and T2DM was higher in females (M vs. F: 12.4% vs. 13.3%). Urban dwellers were more hypertensive and diabetic than rural people (urban vs. rural: 28.5% vs. 20.3% and 18.8% vs. 14.2%, respectively). An 8% increase in the prevalence of hypertension and T2DM became more than double compared to the 1995-2010 period. Conclusion Future research should focus on the underlying factors that increase the prevalence of these diseases and prevention strategies to reduce the trend of increasing prevalence.
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| 7. |
- Nordquist, Lina, 1977-, et al.
(författare)
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Diabetes-induced alterations in renal medullary microcirculation and metabolism
- 2007
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Ingår i: Current diabetes reviews. - 1573-3998. ; 3:1, s. 53-65
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Diabetes-induced renal complications, i.e. diabetes nephropathy, are a major cause of morbidity and mortality. The exact mechanisms mediating the negative influence of hyperglycemia on renal function are unclear, although several hypotheses have been postulated. Cellular mechanisms include glucose-induced excessive formation of reactive oxygen species, increased glucose flux through polyol pathway and pentose phosphate shunt, formation of advanced glycation end-products and activation of protein kinase C and NADPH oxidase. However, the renal effects in vivo of each and every one of these mechanisms are less clear, although recent studies have shown several major alterations predominantly in the renal medulla as a result of sustained hyperglycemia. Already during normal conditions, the renal medulla has a remarkably low oxygen tension (PO2) and a high degree of non-oxygen dependent energy metabolism. Alterations in either blood perfusion or oxygen delivery to the medullary region will have significant effects on both regional metabolism and total kidney function. Recently, sustained hyperglycemia has been shown to induce a pronounced reduction in preferentially renal medullary PO2. This review will present the current knowledge of diabetes-induced alterations in renal medullary metabolism and function, but also discuss future targets for prevention of diabetic nephropathy.
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