| 1. |
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| 2. |
- Berkaeva, Maria, et al.
(författare)
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Functional analysis of Drosophila polytene chromosomes decompacted unit: the interband
- 2009
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Ingår i: Chromosome Research. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0967-3849 .- 1573-6849. ; 17:6, s. 745-754
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Differential compaction of the interphase chromosomes is important for proper functioning of the eukaryotic genome. Such non-uniform compaction is most easily observed in Drosophila salivary gland polytene chromosomes as a reproducible banding pattern. Functional mechanisms underlying the establishment and maintenance of the banding pattern remain unclear but have been hypothesized to involve transcription and chromatin insulators. We tested functional properties of DNA fragments from several transcriptionally inert interband regions that behave as autonomous decompacted units of polytene chromosomes. Our results suggest that, in the absence of transcription, the decondensed state of interband regions does not depend on the presence of insulator elements but instead correlates with the presence of transcriptional enhancers.
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| 3. |
- Boman, Jesper, et al.
(författare)
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Meiotic drive against chromosome fusions in butterfly hybrids
- 2024
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Ingår i: Chromosome Research. - : Springer. - 0967-3849 .- 1573-6849. ; 32:2
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Species frequently differ in the number and structure of chromosomes they harbor, but individuals that are heterozygous for chromosomal rearrangements may suffer from reduced fitness. Chromosomal rearrangements like fissions and fusions can hence serve as a mechanism for speciation between incipient lineages, but their evolution poses a paradox. How can rearrangements get fixed between populations if heterozygotes have reduced fitness? One solution is that this process predominantly occurs in small and isolated populations, where genetic drift can override natural selection. However, fixation is also more likely if a novel rearrangement is favored by a transmission bias, such as meiotic drive. Here, we investigate chromosomal transmission distortion in hybrids between two wood white (Leptidea sinapis) butterfly populations with extensive karyotype differences. Using data from two different crossing experiments, we uncover that there is a transmission bias favoring the ancestral chromosomal state for derived fusions, a result that shows that chromosome fusions actually can fix in populations despite being counteracted by meiotic drive. This means that meiotic drive not only can promote runaway chromosome number evolution and speciation, but also that it can be a conservative force acting against karyotypic change and the evolution of reproductive isolation. Based on our results, we suggest a mechanistic model for why chromosome fusion mutations may be opposed by meiotic drive and discuss factors contributing to karyotype evolution in Lepidoptera.
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| 4. |
- Borodin, Pavel, et al.
(författare)
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Mendelian nightmares : the germline-restricted chromosome of songbirds
- 2022
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Ingår i: Chromosome Research. - : Springer Nature. - 0967-3849 .- 1573-6849. ; 30:2-3, s. 255-272
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Germline-restricted chromosomes (GRCs) are accessory chromosomes that occur only in germ cells. They are eliminated from somatic cells through programmed DNA elimination during embryo development. GRCs have been observed in several unrelated animal taxa and show peculiar modes of non-Mendelian inheritance and within-individual elimination. Recent cytogenetic and phylogenomic evidence suggests that a GRC is present across the species-rich songbirds, but absent in non-passerine birds, implying that over half of all 10,500 bird species have extensive germline/soma genome differences. Here, we review recent insights gained from genomic, transcriptomic, and cytogenetic approaches with regard to the genetic content, phylogenetic distribution, and inheritance of the songbird GRC. While many questions remain unsolved in terms of GRC inheritance, elimination, and function, we discuss plausible scenarios and future directions for understanding this widespread form of programmed DNA elimination.
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| 5. |
- Chalopin, Domitille, et al.
(författare)
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Transposable elements and early evolution of sex chromosomes in fish
- 2015
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Ingår i: Chromosome Research. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0967-3849 .- 1573-6849. ; 23:3, s. 545-560
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In many organisms, the sex chromosome pair can be recognized due to heteromorphy; the Y and W chromosomes have often lost many genes due to the absence of recombination during meiosis and are frequently heterochromatic. Repetitive sequences are found at a high proportion on such heterochromatic sex chromosomes and the evolution and emergence of sex chromosomes has been connected to the dynamics of repeats and transposable elements. With an amazing plasticity of sex determination mechanisms and numerous instances of independent emergence of novel sex chromosomes, fish represent an excellent lineage to investigate the early stages of sex chromosome differentiation, where sex chromosomes often are homomorphic and not heterochromatic. We have analyzed the composition, distribution, and relative age of TEs from available sex chromosome sequences of seven teleost fish. We observed recent bursts of TEs and simple repeat accumulations around young sex determination loci. More strikingly, we detected transposable element (TE) amplifications not only on the sex determination regions of the Y and W sex chromosomes, but also on the corresponding regions of the X and Z chromosomes. In one species, we also clearly demonstrated that the observed TE-rich sex determination locus originated from a TE-poor genomic region, strengthening the link between TE accumulation and emergence of the sex determination locus. Altogether, our results highlight the role of TEs in the initial steps of differentiation and evolution of sex chromosomes.
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| 6. |
- Dias, Guilherme, 1989-, et al.
(författare)
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Helitrons shaping the genomic architecture of Drosophila : enrichment of DINE-TR1 in α- and β-heterochromatin, satellite DNA emergence, and piRNA expression.
- 2015
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Ingår i: Chromosome Research. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0967-3849 .- 1573-6849. ; 23:3, s. 597-613
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Drosophila INterspersed Elements (DINEs) constitute an abundant but poorly understood group of Helitrons present in several Drosophila species. The general structure of DINEs includes two conserved blocks that may or not contain a region with tandem repeats in between. These central tandem repeats (CTRs) are similar within species but highly divergent between species. It has been assumed that CTRs have independent origins. Herein, we identify a subset of DINEs, termed DINE-TR1, which contain homologous CTRs of approximately 150 bp. We found DINE-TR1 in the sequenced genomes of several Drosophila species and in Bactrocera tryoni (Acalyptratae, Diptera). However, interspecific high sequence identity (∼ 88 %) is limited to the first ∼ 30 bp of each tandem repeat, implying that evolutionary constraints operate differently over the monomer length. DINE-TR1 is unevenly distributed across the Drosophila phylogeny. Nevertheless, sequence analysis suggests vertical transmission. We found that CTRs within DINE-TR1 have independently expanded into satellite DNA-like arrays at least twice within Drosophila. By analyzing the genome of Drosophila virilis and Drosophila americana, we show that DINE-TR1 is highly abundant in pericentromeric heterochromatin boundaries, some telomeric regions and in the Y chromosome. It is also present in the centromeric region of one autosome from D. virilis and dispersed throughout several euchromatic sites in both species. We further found that DINE-TR1 is abundant at piRNA clusters, and small DINE-TR1-derived RNA transcripts (∼25 nt) are predominantly expressed in the testes and the ovaries, suggesting active targeting by the piRNA machinery. These features suggest potential piRNA-mediated regulatory roles for DINEs at local and genome-wide scales in Drosophila.
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| 7. |
- Duke, S E, et al.
(författare)
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Integrated cytogenetic BAC map of the genome of the gray, short-tailed opossum, Monodelphis domestica
- 2007
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Ingår i: Chromosome Research. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0967-3849 .- 1573-6849. ; 15:3, s. 361-370
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The generation of high-quality genome assemblies for numerous species is advancing at a rapid pace. As the number of genome assemblies increases, so does our ability to investigate genome relationships and their contributions to unraveling complex biological, evolutionary, and biomedical processes. A key process in the generation of a genome assembly is to determine and verify the precise physical location and order of the large sequence blocks (scaffolds) that result from the assembly. For organisms of relatively recent common ancestry this process may be achieved largely through comparative sequence alignment. However, as the evolutionary distance between species lengthens, the use of comparative sequence alignment becomes increasingly less reliable. Simultaneous cytogenetic mapping, using multicolor fluorescence in-situ hybridization (FISH) analysis, offers an alternative means to define the cytogenetic location and relative order of DNA sequences, thereby anchoring the genome sequence to the karyotype. In this article we report the molecular cytogenetic locations of 415 bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) clones that served to anchor sequence scaffolds of the gray, short-tailed opossum (Monodelphis domestica) to its karyotype, which enabled accurate integration of these regions into the genome assembly.
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| 8. |
- Ekwall, Karl
(författare)
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The roles of histone modifications and small RNA in centromere function
- 2004
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Ingår i: Chromosome Research. - 0967-3849 .- 1573-6849. ; 12:6, s. 535-542
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Here, epigenetic regulation of centromeric chromatin in fission yeast (Schizosaccharomyces pombe) is reviewed, focussing on the role of histone modifications and the link to RNA interference (RNAi). Fission yeast centromeres are organized into two structurally and functionally distinct domains, both of which are required for centromere function. The central core domain anchors the kinetochore structure while the flanking heterochromatin domain is important for sister centromere cohesion. The chromatin structure of both domains is regulated epigenetically. In the central core domain, the histone H3 variant Cnp1(CENP-A) plays a key role. In the flanking heterochromatin domain, histones are kept underacetylated by the histone deacetylases (HDACs) Clr3, Clr6 and Sir2, and methylated by Clr4 methyltransferase (HMTase) to create a specific binding site for the Swi6 protein. Swi6 then directly mediates cohesin binding to the centromeric heterochromatin. Recently, a surprising link was made between heterochromatin formation and RNAi. Centromeric flanking repeats are transcribed and the transcripts processed by the RNAse III-like enzyme, Dicer (Dcr1), to produce small interfering RNAs ( siRNA), which direct formation of heterochromatin via the RNA-induced Initiation of Transcriptional Silencing (RITS) protein complex. Consequently Dicer, Argonaute (Ago1), an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (Rdp1) and several hitherto uncharacterized Csp ( centromere suppressor of position effect) gene products implicated in the RNAi pathway at centromeres are required for sister chromatid cohesion.
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| 9. |
- Foerster, Daniel W., et al.
(författare)
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Genetic differentiation within and away from the chromosomal rearrangements characterising hybridising chromosomal races of the western house mouse (Mus musculus domesticus)
- 2016
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Ingår i: Chromosome Research. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0967-3849 .- 1573-6849. ; 24:2, s. 271-280
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The importance of chromosomal rearrangements for speciation can be inferred from studies of genetic exchange between hybridising chromosomal races within species. Reduced fertility or recombination suppression in karyotypic hybrids has the potential to maintain or promote genetic differentiation in genomic regions near rearrangement breakpoints. We studied genetic exchange between two hybridising groups of chromosomal races of house mouse in Upper Valtellina (Lombardy, Italy), using microsatellites. These groups differ by Robertsonian fusions and/or whole-arm reciprocal translocations such that F-1 hybrids have a chain-of-five meiotic configuration. Previous studies showed genetic differentiation in two chromosomes in the chain-of-five (10 and 12) close to their centromeres (i.e. the rearrangement breakpoints); we have shown here that the centromeric regions of the other two chromosomes in the chain (2 and 8) are similarly differentiated. The internal chromosomes of the chain (8 and 12) show the greatest differentiation, which may reflect pairing and recombination properties of internal and external elements in a meiotic chain. Importantly, we found that centromeric regions of some non-rearranged chromosomes also showed genetic differentiation between the hybridising groups, indicating a complex interplay between chromosomal rearrangements and other parts of the genome in maintaining or promoting differentiation and potentially driving speciation between chromosomal races.
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| 10. |
- Gisselsson Nord, David
(författare)
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High-resolution imaging of mitotic instability
- 2009
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Ingår i: Chromosome Research. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1573-6849 .- 0967-3849. ; 17, s. 109-110
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)
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