| 1. |
- Dell'Unto, Nicolo, et al.
(författare)
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Experiencing Ancient Buildings from a 3D GIS Perspective : a Case Drawn from the Swedish Pompeii Project
- 2015
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Ingår i: Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1573-7764 .- 1072-5369. ; 23:1, s. 73-94
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In recent times, archaeological documentation strategies have been considerably improved by the use of advanced 3D acquisition systems. Laser scanning, photogrammetry and computer vision techniques provide archaeologists with new opportunities to investigate and document the archaeological record. In spite of this, the amount of data collected and the geometrical complexity of the models resulting from such acquisition processes, have always prevented their systematic integration into a GIS environment. Recent technological advances occurred in the visualization of 3D contents, led us to overcome the aforementioned limitations and set up a work pipeline in which was possible to put the 3D models not only in the context of data visualization but also in the frame of spatial analysis. The case study described is a part of the Swedish Pompeii Project, a research and fieldwork activity started in 2000 with the purpose of recording and investigating an entire Pompeian city block, Insula V 1. As an additional part of the research, a laser scanning acquisition campaign was conducted in the last few years. The resulting models were thus meant to be used to develop further research lines: among these, a 3D-GIS system was expected to be set up with the purpose to i) collect in the same geo-referenced environment, different typologies of documentation gathered in the context of the Swedish Pompeii Project; ii) inter-connect 3D-models with the project website; iii) use the third-dimension as a further analytical field of investigation, in the form of spatial analysis and cognitive simulation.
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| 2. |
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| 3. |
- Horn, Christian, 1978, et al.
(författare)
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Artificial Intelligence, 3D Documentation, and Rock Art—Approaching and Reflecting on the Automation of Identification and Classification of Rock Art Images
- 2022
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Ingår i: Journal of archaeological method and theory. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1072-5369 .- 1573-7764. ; 29, s. 188-213
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Rock art carvings, which are best described as petroglyphs, were produced by removing parts of the rock surface to create a negative relief. This tradition was particularly strong during the Nordic Bronze Age (1700–550 BC) in southern Scandinavia with over 20,000 boats and thousands of humans, animals, wagons, etc. This vivid and highly engaging material provides quantitative data of high potential to understand Bronze Age social structures and ideologies. The ability to provide the technically best possible documentation and to automate identification and classification of images would help to take full advantage of the research potential of petroglyphs in southern Scandinavia and elsewhere. We, therefore, attempted to train a model that locates and classifies image objects using faster region-based convolutional neural network (Faster-RCNN) based on data produced by a novel method to improve visualizing the content of 3D documentations. A newly created layer of 3D rock art documentation provides the best data currently available and has reduced inscribed bias compared to older methods. Several models were trained based on input images annotated with bounding boxes produced with different parameters to find the best solution. The data included 4305 individual images in 408 scans of rock art sites. To enhance the models and enrich the training data, we used data augmentation and transfer learning. The successful models perform exceptionally well on boats and circles, as well as with human figures and wheels. This work was an interdisciplinary undertaking which led to important reflections about archaeology, digital humanities, and artificial intelligence. The reflections and the success represented by the trained models open novel avenues for future research on rock art.
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| 4. |
- Horn, Christian, 1978, et al.
(författare)
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Water Flows and Water Accumulations on Bedrock as a Structuring Element of Rock Art
- 2022
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Ingår i: Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1072-5369 .- 1573-7764. ; 30:3, s. 828-54
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The paper proposes a new method to quantify the flow of water and water accumulation zones on bedrock panels. This can be used to investigate how water influences the placement of rock art. The analysis is based on photogrammetric models on which water flows and accumulations were modelled using a NetLogo simulation and the SAGA hydrology package. To test the hypothesis that water was a structuring element in the creation of rock art, case studies of Bohus-granite panels from south-western Sweden were used. The described approach should be possible to use on most rock art placed on bedrock panels regardless of rock type, its state of cleaning, or present microfauna. The modelling of water flows and accumulations is a powerful tool to compare the image placement and image density in relation to water even on widely separated panels on which such observations cannot be made directly.
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| 5. |
- Högberg, Anders, 1968-, et al.
(författare)
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Introduction to 'Theoretical Pathways' : Thinking About Human Endeavour During the Middle Stone Age and Middle Palaeolithic
- 2021
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Ingår i: Journal of archaeological method and theory. - : Springer. - 1072-5369 .- 1573-7764. ; 28:1, s. 1-10
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this brief introduction, we present and contextualise 'theoretical pathways' elaborated in this special issue, in terms of understanding humanity from a deep-time perspective. The participating authors discuss a wide range of approaches related to thinking about human endeavour during the Middle Stone Age and Middle Palaeolithic ranging from the constraints of technological niches and Material Engagement Theory to aspects of palaeo-neurology, agent-based models of self-domestication and co-evolutionary model building. Together, the contributions demonstrate that current theoretical approaches that aim to explain deep-time human endeavour require multi-disciplinary approaches, and that for some researchers, the trend is to move away from the symbolic standard or models of sudden mutation. By doing so, each contribution, in its own way, enhances our understanding of 'being' or 'becoming' human during the time slice between 300,000 and 30,000 years ago. The work represented here makes it increasingly clear that a singular or particular aspect did not 'give birth' to Homo sapiens in Africa during the Middle Stone Age and/or in Eurasia during the Middle Palaeolithic. Instead, humanity in all its complexity was probably shaped by a broad range of factors and processes that took place over an extended period.
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| 6. |
- Högberg, Anders, 1968-
(författare)
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Playing with Flint : Tracing a Child’s Imitation of Adult Work in a Lithic Assemblage
- 2008
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Ingår i: Journal of archaeological method and theory. - New York : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1072-5369 .- 1573-7764. ; 15:1, s. 112-131
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper examines the potential for identifying play and children’s imitation in the archaeological record and reviews cultural constructions of play and cross-cultural behaviour. A case study, using a lithic assemblage from a discrete knapping area for Scandinavian Neolithic axe production in Southern Sweden which identifies a child´s activity area, is discussed. The theoretical and methodological assumptions behind play, imitation and its identification as well as its social implications are also examined.
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| 7. |
- Ilves, Kristin, et al.
(författare)
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Some Critical and Methodological Aspects of Shoreline Determination: Examples from the Baltic Sea Region
- 2011
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Ingår i: Journal of archaeological method and theory. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1072-5369 .- 1573-7764. ; 18, s. 147-165
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Coastal shorelines worldwide are generally unstable and changing. The study of the precise relation between any archaeological site and the shoreline at the time when the site was used is therefore complicated, but still often not met with appropriate methodological approaches. In this article, we test models based on phosphate analysis and discuss how they can be used to detect ancient shorelines. We propose, that a model of increased and oscillating phosphate values at the former water level is considered reliable and useful in areas with advancing shoreline.
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| 8. |
- Lombard, Marlize, et al.
(författare)
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Four-Field Co-evolutionary Model for Human Cognition : Variation in the Middle Stone Age/Middle Palaeolithic
- 2021
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Ingår i: Journal of archaeological method and theory. - : Springer. - 1072-5369 .- 1573-7764. ; 28:1, s. 142-177
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Here we explore variation and similarities in the two best-represented population groups who lived during the Middle Stone Age and Middle Palaeolithic-the Neanderthals and Homo sapiens. Building on approaches such as gene-culture co-evolution, we propose a four-field model to discuss relationships between human cognitive evolution, biology, technology, society, and ecology. We focus on the pre-50-ka phase, because we reason that later admixing between Neanderthals and Homo sapiens in Eurasia may make it difficult to separate them in terms of cognition, or any of the other fields discussed in this paper. Using our model enabled us to highlight similarities in cognition between the two populations in terms of symbolic behaviour and social learning and to identify differences in aspects of technical and social cognition. Dissimilarities in brain-selective gene variants and brain morphology strongly suggest differences in some evolutionary trajectories that would have affected cognition. We therefore suggest that rather than insisting that Neanderthals were cognitively 'the same' as Homo sapiens, it may be useful to focus future studies on Neanderthal-specific cognition that may have been well-developed within their specific context at the time.
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| 9. |
- Losey, Robert J., et al.
(författare)
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Domestication as Enskilment : Harnessing Reindeer in Arctic Siberia
- 2020
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Ingår i: Journal of archaeological method and theory. - : Springer. - 1072-5369 .- 1573-7764.
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The study of reindeer domestication provides a unique opportunity to examine how domestication involves more than bodily changes in animals produced through selection. Domestication requires enskilment among humans and animals, and this process of pragmatic learning is dependent on specific forms of material culture. Particularly with the domestication of working animals, the use of such material culture may predate phenotypic and genetic changes produced through selective breeding. The Iamal region of Arctic Siberia is generating an increasingly diverse set of archeological data for reindeer domestication that evidences such processes. Three early sites, Ust’-Polui, Tiutei-Sale I, and Iarte VI, contain artifacts proposed to be parts of headgear worn by transport reindeer, the earliest dating to just over 2000 years ago. Contemporary Nenets reindeer herders scrutinized replicas of these archeological objects, and comparisons with historic reindeer harness parts from Arctic Russia were also made. Nenets consistently interpreted barbed L-shaped antler pieces from Iamal as parts of headgear for training young reindeer in pulling sleds. Some types of swivels were also interpreted as transport reindeer headgear. Based on these consultations with Nenets and observations of their ongoing reindeer domestication practices, we argue that material things such as headgear, harnesses, and sleds are not merely technological means of using or controlling reindeer in transportation but instead were part of the meshwork within which some reindeer became enskilled to being domestic. Domestication of reindeer and other animals involves ongoing efforts, landscapes, and made things, all of which form the environment within which domestic relationships emerge.
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| 10. |
- Naum, Magdalena
(författare)
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Re-emerging Frontiers: Postcolonial Theory and Historical Archaeology of the Borderlands
- 2010
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Ingår i: Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1573-7764 .- 1072-5369. ; 17:2, s. 101-131
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The article considers the importance of frontier studies in historical archaeology and discusses applicability of some of the concepts deriving from postcolonial theories for a better understanding of human relationships in the frontier zones. The conditions of frontiers and borderlands are compared with the characteristics of the “Third Space” described by Homi Bhabha as a realm of negotiation, translation and remaking. It is argued that concepts developed in postcolonial theories, such as “Third Space,” “in-betweeness” or hybridity, are useful not only to address cultural and social processes in borderlands that were created by colonial empires. They are also an apt way to conceptualize relationships in frontiers that lacked colonial stigma. To illustrate this point, two different historical examples of borderlands are scrutinized in this paper: the medieval frontier region that emerged between Denmark and the Northwestern Slavic area and the creation of the colonial frontier in Northeastern America through the establishment of the Praying Indian Towns.
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