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| 2. |
- Bonk, Alicja, et al.
(författare)
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Sedimentological and geochemical responses of Lake Żabińskie (north-eastern Poland) to erosion changes during the last millennium
- 2016
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Ingår i: Journal of Paleolimnology. - : Springer. - 0921-2728 .- 1573-0417. ; 56:2-3, s. 239-252
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Increased erosion triggered by land-use changes is a major process that influences lake sedimentation. We explored the record of erosion intensity in annually laminated sediments of Lake Żabińskie, northeast Poland. A 1000-year-long, annually resolved suite of sedimentological (varve thickness, sediment accumulation rate) and geochemical data (scanning XRF, loss on ignition, biogenic silica) was analyzed with multivariate statistics. PCA indicated erosion was a major process responsible for changes in the chemical composition of the sediments. Analysis of sedimentary facies enabled identification of major phases of erosion that influenced lake sedimentation. These phases are consistent with the history of land use, inferred from pollen analysis. From AD 1000 to 1610, conditions around and in Lake Żabińskie were relatively stable, with low erosion intensity in the catchment and a dominance of carbonate sedimentation. Between AD 1610 and 1740, higher lake productivity and increased delivery of minerogenic material were caused by development of settlements in the region and widespread deforestation. The most prominent changes were observed between AD 1740 and 1880, when further land clearance and increased agricultural activity caused intensified soil erosion and higher lake productivity. Landscape clearance also created better conditions for water column mixing, which led to changes in redox conditions in the hypolimnion. The most recent period (AD 1880–2010) was characterized by partial reforestation and a gradual decrease in the intensity of erosional processes.
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| 3. |
- Yaghoobi Rafi, Jalaleddin, et al.
(författare)
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Applicability of using GIN method, by considering theoretical approach of grouting design
- 2015
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Ingår i: Geotechnical and Geological Engineering. - : Springer. - 0960-3182 .- 1573-1529. ; 33:6, s. 1431-1448
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In the practice of grouting of fractured rock, currently, empirical methods are used. Amongst them, the GIN method is popular mostly in Europe and has been tried in many projects. The concept of this method is to limit the combination of pressure and injected volume to a specific grout intensity number in order to control the energy induced in the rock fractures and to avoid uplift. However, difficulties in employing this method have been reported, which are mainly due to uncertainties in recognizing the distance of grout penetration and the state of the fractures during grouting and at the completion grouting. In this paper, the purpose has been examining the applicability of the GIN method by defining the characteristic curve of the P·V diagram (referred to here as the hyperbola) and suggesting appropriate completion criteria based on the radius of grout spread around the borehole. This will provide the chance to assign a permitted level of fracture deformation (or jacking) to the GIN by considering the formulation of fracture deformation based on grout propagation in a previously developed theoretical approach by Stille et al. (Geotech Geol Eng 30:603–624, 2012) as a part of the Real Time Grouting Control Method. Thus, in attaining the hyperbola, the identified radius of grout spread is achieved and the resulting fracture deformation at this completion point can be beneficial in improving penetrability. However, if the full extent of this deformation extends beyond the grouted zone, part of the fracture may remain un-grouted, and this will affect the sealing efficiency of the grouting program. This may be continued by selecting a smaller GIN and reducing the grouting pressure as the real time pressure–volume plot moves along the hyperbola, which will bring the fracture back to its initial state as grouting approaches the completion point, i.e. when the grout has spread to the desired distance. This hypothesis has been examined against the grouting works performed in three different real projects, for which the grouting parameters can be determined from the available grouting records. It is concluded that the GIN used in practice was much higher than the theoretically estimated values obtained through the proposed analytical solution. Furthermore, in the grouting of fractures close to the surface, the radius of grout spread impacts the GIN significantly, and only a limited grouting pressure is applicable, thus in using split spacing technique in such circumstances, different GINs should be selected for different sets of boreholes to obtain enough propagation at the maximum applicable pressure. The introduced analytical solution introduced in this paper can be a useful procedure for designing the GIN based on the grout spread. Nevertheless, it becomes complicated in dealing with fracture deformation. In a difficult grouting case where the demand for sealing is high, the recommendation is to use the proposed theoretical approach, which provides detailed information during the actual grouting procedure, by estimation of the radius of grout spread and the state of the fracture in real time
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| 4. |
- Vendelbo Lind, Mads, 1988, et al.
(författare)
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The use of mass spectrometry for analysing metabolite biomarkers in epidemiology: methodological and statistical considerations for application to large numbers of biological samples
- 2016
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Ingår i: European Journal of Epidemiology. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1573-7284 .- 0393-2990. ; 31:8, s. 717-733
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Data quality is critical for epidemiology, and as scientific understanding expands, the range of data available for epidemiological studies and the types of tools used for measurement have also expanded. It is essential for the epidemiologist to have a grasp of the issues involved with different measurement tools. One tool that is increasingly being used for measuring biomarkers in epidemiological cohorts is mass spectrometry (MS), because of the high specificity and sensitivity of MS-based methods and the expanding range of biomarkers that can be measured. Further, the ability of MS to quantify many biomarkers simultaneously is advantageously compared to single biomarker methods. However, as with all methods used to measure biomarkers, there are a number of pitfalls to consider which may have an impact on results when used in epidemiology. In this review we discuss the use of MS for biomarker analyses, focusing on metabolites and their application and potential issues related to large-scale epidemiology studies, the use of MS "omics" approaches for biomarker discovery and how MS-based results can be used for increasing biological knowledge gained from epidemiological studies. Better understanding of the possibilities and possible problems related to MS-based measurements will help the epidemiologist in their discussions with analytical chemists and lead to the use of the most appropriate statistical tools for these data.
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