| 1. |
- Allwood, Jens, 1947, et al.
(författare)
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The Analysis of Embodied Communicative Feedback in Multimodal Corpora - a prerequisite for behavior simulation.
- 2008
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Ingår i: Language Resources and Evaluation. - : Springer Netherlands. - 1574-020X .- 1574-0218 .- 1572-8412. ; 41:3-4, s. 255-272
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Communicative feedback refers to unobtrusive (usually short) vocal or bodily expressions whereby a recipient of information can inform a contributor of information about whether he/she is able and willing to communicate, perceive the information, and understand the information. This paper provides a theory for embodied communicative feedback, describing the different dimensions and features involved. It also provides a corpus analysis part, describing a first data coding and analysis method geared to find the features postulated by the theory. The corpus analysis part describes different methods and statistical procedures and discusses their applicability and the possible insights gained with these methods.
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| 2. |
- Allwood, Jens, et al.
(författare)
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The MUMIN coding scheme for the annotation of feedback, turn management and sequencing phenomena
- 2007
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Ingår i: Language resources and evaluation. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1574-020X .- 1574-0218 .- 1572-8412. ; 41:3-4, s. 273-287
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper deals with a multimodal annotation scheme dedicated to the study of gestures in interpersonal communication, with particular regard to the role played by multimodal expressions for feedback, turn management and sequencing. The scheme has been developed under the framework of the MUMIN network and tested on the analysis of multimodal behaviour in short video clips in Swedish, Finnish and Danish. The preliminary results obtained in these studies show that the reliability of the categories defined in the scheme is acceptable, and that the scheme as a whole constitutes a versatile analysis tool for the study of multimodal communication behaviour.
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| 3. |
- Borin, Lars, 1957, et al.
(författare)
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SALDO: a touch of yin to WordNet's yang
- 2013
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Ingår i: Language resources and evaluation. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1574-020X .- 1572-8412 .- 1574-0218. ; 47:4, s. 1191-1211
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The English-language Princeton WordNet (PWN) and some wordnets for other languages have been extensively used as lexical–semantic knowledge sources in language technology applications, due to their free availability and their size. The ubiquitousness of PWN-type wordnets tends to overshadow the fact that they represent one out of many possible choices for structuring a lexical-semantic resource, and it could be enlightening to look at a differently structured resource both from the point of view of theoretical–methodological considerations and from the point of view of practical text processing requirements. The resource described here—SALDO—is such a lexical–semantic resource, intended primarily for use in language technology applications, and offering an alternative organization to PWN- style wordnets. We present our work on SALDO, compare it with PWN, and discuss some implications of the differences. We also describe an integrated infrastructure for computational lexical resources where SALDO forms the central component.
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| 4. |
- Gruzitis, Normunds, et al.
(författare)
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A multilingual FrameNet-based grammar and lexicon for controlled natural language
- 2017
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Ingår i: Language resources and evaluation. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1574-020X .- 1572-8412 .- 1574-0218. ; 51:1, s. 37-66
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Berkeley FrameNet is a lexico-semantic resource for English based on the theory of frame semantics. It has been exploited in a range of natural language processing applications and has inspired the development of framenets for many languages. We present a methodological approach to the extraction and generation of a computational multilingual FrameNet-based grammar and lexicon. The approach leverages FrameNet-annotated corpora to automatically extract a set of cross-lingual semantico-syntactic valence patterns. Based on data from Berkeley FrameNet and Swedish FrameNet, the proposed approach has been implemented in Grammatical Framework (GF), a categorial grammar formalism specialized for multilingual grammars. The implementation of the grammar and lexicon is supported by the design of FrameNet, providing a frame semantic abstraction layer, an interlingual semantic application programming interface (API), over the interlingual syntactic API already provided by GF Resource Grammar Library. The evaluation of the acquired grammar and lexicon shows the feasibility of the approach. Additionally, we illustrate how the FrameNet-based grammar and lexicon are exploited in two distinct multilingual controlled natural language applications. The produced resources are available under an open source license.
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| 5. |
- Kilgariff, Adam, et al.
(författare)
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Corpus-Based Vocabulary lists for Language Learners for Nine Languages.
- 2014
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Ingår i: Language resources and evaluation. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1574-020X .- 1572-8412 .- 1574-0218. ; 48:1, s. 121-163
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We present the KELLY project and its work on developing monolingual and bilingual word lists for language learning, using corpus methods, for nine languages and thirty-six language pairs. We describe the method and discuss the many challenges encountered. We have loaded the data into an online database to make it accessible for anyone to explore and we present our own first explorations of it. The focus of the paper is thus twofold, covering pedagogical and methodological aspects of the lists’ construction, and linguistic aspects of the by-product of the project, the KELLY database.
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| 6. |
- Rehm, Georg, et al.
(författare)
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The strategic impact of META-NET on the regional, national and international level
- 2016
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Ingår i: Language resources and evaluation. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1574-020X .- 1572-8412 .- 1574-0218. ; 50:2, s. 351-374
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This article provides an overview of the dissemination work carried out in META-NET from 2010 until 2015; we describe its impact on the regional, national and international level, mainly with regard to politics and the funding situation for LT topics. The article documents the initiative’s work throughout Europe in order to boost progress and innovation in our field.
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| 7. |
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| 8. |
- Buljan, Maja, et al.
(författare)
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A Tale of Four Parsers : Methodological Reflections on Diagnostic Evaluation and In-Depth Error Analysis for Meaning Representation Parsing
- 2022
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Ingår i: Language Resources and Evaluation. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1574-020X .- 1574-0218. ; 56:4, s. 1075-1102
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We discuss methodological choices in diagnostic evaluation and error analysis in meaning representation parsing (MRP), i.e. mapping from natural language utterances to graph-based encodings of semantic structure. We expand on a pilot quantitative study in contrastive diagnostic evaluation, inspired by earlier work in syntactic dependency parsing, and propose a novel methodology for qualitative error analysis. This two-pronged study is performed using a selection of submissions, data, and evaluation tools featured in the 2019 shared task on MRP. Our aim is to devise methods for identifying strengths and weaknesses in different broad families of parsing techniques, as well as investigating the relations between specific parsing approaches, different meaning representation frameworks, and individual linguistic phenomena—by identifying and comparing common error patterns. Our preliminary empirical results suggest that the proposed methodologies can be meaningfully applied to parsing into graph-structured target representations, as a side-effect uncovering hitherto unknown properties of the different systems that can inform future development and cross-fertilization across approaches.
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| 9. |
- Eckhoff, H., et al.
(författare)
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The PROIEL treebank family: a standard for early attestations of Indo-European languages
- 2018
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Ingår i: Language Resources and Evaluation. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1574-020X .- 1574-0218. ; 52:1, s. 29-65
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This article describes a family of dependency treebanks of early attestations of Indo-European languages originating in the parallel treebank built by the members of the project pragmatic resources in old Indo-European languages. The treebanks all share a set of open-source software tools, including a web annotation interface, and a set of annotation schemes and guidelines developed especially for the project languages. The treebanks use an enriched dependency grammar scheme complemented by detailed morphological tags, which have proved sufficient to give detailed descriptions of these richly inflected languages, and which have been easy to adapt to new languages. We describe the tools and annotation schemes and discuss some challenges posed by the various languages that have been annotated. We also discuss problems with tokenisation, sentence division and lemmatisation, commonly encountered in ancient and mediaeval texts, and challenges associated with low levels of standardisation and ongoing morphological and syntactic change.
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| 10. |
- Lenci, Alessandro, et al.
(författare)
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A comparative evaluation and analysis of three generations of Distributional Semantic Models
- 2022
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Ingår i: Language resources and evaluation. - : Springer Science and Business Media B.V.. - 1574-020X .- 1574-0218. ; 56, s. 1219-
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Distributional semantics has deeply changed in the last decades. First, predict models stole the thunder from traditional count ones, and more recently both of them were replaced in many NLP applications by contextualized vectors produced by neural language models. Although an extensive body of research has been devoted to Distributional Semantic Model (DSM) evaluation, we still lack a thorough comparison with respect to tested models, semantic tasks, and benchmark datasets. Moreover, previous work has mostly focused on task-driven evaluation, instead of exploring the differences between the way models represent the lexical semantic space. In this paper, we perform a large-scale evaluation of type distributional vectors, either produced by static DSMs or obtained by averaging the contextualized vectors generated by BERT. First of all, we investigate the performance of embeddings in several semantic tasks, carrying out an in-depth statistical analysis to identify the major factors influencing the behavior of DSMs. The results show that (i) the alleged superiority of predict based models is more apparent than real, and surely not ubiquitous and (ii) static DSMs surpass BERT representations in most out-of-context semantic tasks and datasets. Furthermore, we borrow from cognitive neuroscience the methodology of Representational Similarity Analysis (RSA) to inspect the semantic spaces generated by distributional models. RSA reveals important differences related to the frequency and part-of-speech of lexical items. © 2022, The Author(s).
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