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- Fuller, Trevon, et al.
(författare)
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The Ecology of Emerging Infectious Diseases in Migratory Birds: An Assessment of the Role of Climate Change and Priorities for Future Research
- 2012
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Ingår i: EcoHealth. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1612-9202 .- 1612-9210. ; 9:1, s. 80-88
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Pathogens that are maintained by wild birds occasionally jump to human hosts, causing considerable loss of life and disruption to global commerce. Preliminary evidence suggests that climate change and human movements and commerce may have played a role in recent range expansions of avian pathogens. Since the magnitude of climate change in the coming decades is predicted to exceed climatic changes in the recent past, there is an urgent need to determine the extent to which climate change may drive the spread of disease by avian migrants. In this review, we recommend actions intended to mitigate the impact of emergent pathogens of migratory birds on biodiversity and public health. Increased surveillance that builds upon existing bird banding networks is required to conclusively establish a link between climate and avian pathogens and to prevent pathogens with migratory bird reservoirs from spilling over to humans.
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- Isaksson, Caroline, 1976, et al.
(författare)
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Plasma Glutathione and Carotenoid Coloration as Potential Biomarkers of Environmental Stress in Great Tits
- 2005
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Ingår i: EcoHealth. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1612-9202 .- 1612-9210. ; 2, s. 138-146
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Measures of oxidative stress in animals may be useful biomarkers of environmental stressors, such as anthropogenic pollution. In birds, studies of oxidative stress have focused on dietary antioxidants, primarily carotenoids, which are interesting due to their multiple physiological and pigmentary functions but therefore also unspecifically related to oxidative stress. A useful complementary biomarker may be the glutathione system, commonly used in human medicine, but rarely applied to wild, terrestrial vertebrates. In this study of urban versus rural adult and nestling great tits Parus major, we investigated both the carotenoid-based yellow plumage (by reflectance spectrometry) and the plasma levels of glutathione, the latter measured as total glutathione (tGSH) and as the ratio between oxidized and reduced glutathione (GSSG:GSH), respectively. We found that urban adults had higher current oxidative stress (GSSG:GSH) and paler yellow plumage compared to rural adults, suggesting elevated stress in the urban environment. Total glutathione levels (tGSH), however, which may indicate long-term up-regulation of the GSH reservoir, did not differ between the environments. Nestlings did not show any consistent pattern between environments in either tGSH or GSSG:GSH and, among individuals, glutathione levels were uncorrelated with carotenoid coloration. The results thus suggest some population-level correspondence between the two stress biomarkers in adult birds, but more work is obviously needed to understand how the two antioxidant systems interact in different individuals and in response to different environmental disturbances.
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- Khalil, Hussein, et al.
(författare)
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Population Dynamics of Bank Voles Predicts Human Puumala Hantavirus Risk
- 2019
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Ingår i: EcoHealth. - : Springer. - 1612-9202 .- 1612-9210. ; 16:3, s. 545-557
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Predicting risk of zoonotic diseases, i.e., diseases shared by humans and animals, is often complicated by the population ecology of wildlife host(s). We here demonstrate how ecological knowledge of a disease system can be used for early prediction of human risk using Puumala hantavirus (PUUV) in bank voles (Myodes glareolus), which causes Nephropathia epidemica (NE) in humans, as a model system. Bank vole populations at northern latitudes exhibit multiannual fluctuations in density and spatial distribution, a phenomenon that has been studied extensively. Nevertheless, existing studies predict NE incidence only a few months before an outbreak. We used a time series on cyclic bank vole population density (1972–2013), their PUUV infection rates (1979–1986; 2003–2013), and NE incidence in Sweden (1990–2013). Depending on the relationship between vole density and infection prevalence (proportion of infected animals), either overall density of bank voles or the density of infected bank voles may be used to predict seasonal NE incidence. The density and spatial distribution of voles at density minima of a population cycle contribute to the early warning of NE risk later at its cyclic peak. When bank voles remain relatively widespread in the landscape during cyclic minima, PUUV can spread from a high baseline during a cycle, culminating in high prevalence in bank voles and potentially high NE risk during peak densities.
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- López-Bao, José Vicente
(författare)
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Patterns of Exposure of Iberian Wolves (Canis lupus) to Canine Viruses in Human-Dominated Landscapes
- 2016
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Ingår i: EcoHealth. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1612-9202 .- 1612-9210. ; 13, s. 123-134
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Wildlife inhabiting human-dominated landscapes is at risk of pathogen spill-over from domestic species. With the aim of gaining knowledge in the dynamics of viral infections in Iberian wolves (Canis lupus) living in anthropized landscapes of northern Spain, we analysed between 2010 and 2013 the samples of 54 wolves by serology and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for exposure to four pathogenic canine viruses: canine distemper virus (CDV), canine parvovirus-2 (CPV), canine adenovirus 1 and 2 (CAV-1 and CAV-2) and canine herpesvirus. Overall, 76% of the studied wolves presented evidence of exposure to CPV (96% by HI, 66% by PCR) and 75% to CAV (75% by virus neutralization (VN), 76% by PCR, of which 70% CAV-1 and 6% CAV-2). This represents the first detection of CAV-2 infection in a wild carnivore. CPV/CAV-1 co-infection occurred in 51% of the wolves. The probability of wolf exposure to CPV was positively and significantly correlated with farm density in a buffer zone around the place where the wolf was found, indicating that rural dogs might be the origin of CPV infecting wolves. CPV and CAV-1 appear to be enzootic in the Iberian wolf population, which is supported by the absence of seasonal and inter-annual variations in the proportion of positive samples detected. However, while CPV may depend on periodical introductions by dogs, CAV-1 may be maintained within the wolf population. All wolves were negative for exposure to CDV (by VN and PCR) and CHV (by PCR). The absence of acquired immunity against CDV in this population may predispose it to an elevated rate of mortality in the event of a distemper spill-over via dogs.
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- Nicholls, Ian A., et al.
(författare)
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Synthetic Neuraminidases : Nanostructured Materials for Environmental Monitoring
- 2011
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Ingår i: Ecohealth, vol. 7, Supplement 1. - : Springer. ; , s. S97-S97
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The risks to society associated with the spread of new strains of influenza with human pathogenicity, or with impact on agricultureare significant. Our capacity to challenge the threat of the virus is dependent upon our ability to develop new vaccines, and upon ouraccess to effective virus-targeted small molecule pharmaceuticals. The current primary small molecule weapons oseltamivir(Tamiflu) and zanamivir (Relenza) currently form our last line of defence against this virus. More recently, the identification ofstrains resistant to (in particular) drugs targeting neuraminidase has awoken serious concern. Equally as worrying is the clearevidence of the presence of these substances in the World’s water systems which has now come forth. Collectively, this makes thedevelopment of techniques giving us better insight into the virus and antiviral agents a priority. Robust methods for the rapid andsensitive determination of these substances are required, especially as the monitoring methods should be able to withstand therigours of environments not normally conducive to biomacromolecules (temperature, toxic substances etc) e.g. antibodies.Advanced materials fulfilling these requirements can be obtained by Molecular Imprinting, which is a technique forproducing highly selective synthetic receptors for biochemical and chemical structures in synthetic polymers. The polymerscontain nano-structured cavities that are of complementary functional and structural character to predetermined target.The technique entails the judicious selection of a monomer or monomer mixture with chemical functionality comple-mentary to that of the imprint species (template). The complementary interacting functionalities (reversible covalent ornon-covalent) form predictable solution structures, which after polymerisation in the presence of a suitable cross linkingagent and removal of the template lead to the defining of recognition sites of complementary steric and functionaltopography to the template molecule. These sites give selective recognition of the template. Furthermore, by analogy tocatalytic antibody production, using transition state analogues as templates yields synthetic enzymes.Synthetic polymers with neuraminidase-like behaviour have been designed through the screening of candidate polymersystems using a combination of molecular dynamics and NMR studies. The characterisation of the resulting materials hasdemonstrated systems with selectivity for the targeted antiviral agents. Our studies illustrate the potential of these uniquenanostructured materials for the monitoring of these antiviral agents in the environment, which is an important aspect inefforts aimed at limiting the development of resistant strains, and as a tool for policy makers.
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- Ramey, Andrew M., et al.
(författare)
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Antibiotic-Resistant Escherichia coli in Migratory Birds Inhabiting Remote Alaska
- 2018
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Ingår i: EcoHealth. - : Springer. - 1612-9202 .- 1612-9210. ; 15:1, s. 72-81
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We explored the abundance of antibiotic-resistant Escherichia coli among migratory birds at remote sites in Alaska and used a comparative approach to speculate on plausible explanations for differences in detection among species. At a remote island site, we detected antibiotic-resistant E. coli phenotypes in samples collected from glaucous-winged gulls (Larus glaucescens), a species often associated with foraging at landfills, but not in samples collected from black-legged kittiwakes (Rissa tridactyla), a more pelagic gull that typically inhabits remote areas year-round. We did not find evidence for antibiotic-resistant E. coli among 347 samples collected primarily from waterfowl at a second remote site in western Alaska. Our results provide evidence that glaucous-winged gulls may be more likely to be infected with antibiotic-resistant E. coli at remote breeding sites as compared to sympatric black-legged kittiwakes. This could be a function of the tendency of glaucous-winged gulls to forage at landfills where antibiotic-resistant bacterial infections may be acquired and subsequently dispersed. The low overall detection of antibiotic-resistant E. coli in migratory birds sampled at remote sites in Alaska is consistent with the premise that anthropogenic inputs into the local environment or the relative lack thereof influences the prevalence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria among birds inhabiting the area.
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