| 1. |
- Bengtsson, Tommy, et al.
(author)
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Introduction
- 2010
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In: Population Ageing - A Threat to the Welfare State? : The Case of Sweden - The Case of Sweden. - Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer Berlin Heidelberg. - 1613-5520. - 9783642126116 ; , s. 1-6
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Book chapter (peer-reviewed)
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| 2. |
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| 3. |
- Bengtsson, Tommy, et al.
(author)
-
Introduction
- 2010
-
In: Population Ageing - A Threat to the Welfare State? The Case of Sweden. - Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer Berlin Heidelberg. - 9783642126116 ; Demographic Research Monographs, s. 1-6
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Book chapter (pop. science, debate, etc.)
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| 4. |
- Bengtsson, Tommy, et al.
(author)
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Introduction
- 2019
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In: Demographic Research Monographs. - Cham : Springer International Publishing. - 2197-9286 .- 1613-5520. - 9783030050740 - 9783030050757 ; , s. 1-19
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Book chapter (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Globally, the twenty-first century will witness rapid population ageing. Already in 2050, one out of five persons in the world, and one out of three in Europe, is expected to be 60 or over (UN 2015). Moreover, we have entered into a new stage of population ageing in terms of its causes, which have altered its consequences. In the first stage, lasting until the middle of the twentieth century in developed countries, population ageing was entirely due to the decline in fertility, with Sweden being commonly used as an example (Coale 1957; Bengtsson and Scott 2010; Lee and Zhou 2017). During this stage, the increase in life expectancy was primarily driven by declines in infant and child mortality. It worked in the opposite direction to the fertility decline, making the population younger since it added more years before, than after retirement (Coale 1957; Lee 1994). In the second stage of population ageing, which is the current situation, population ageing is primarily driven by the increase in life expectancy, which is now due to declining old-age mortality. As a result, more years are added after retirement than in working ages (Lee 1994). Could immigration or an upswing in fertility stop population ageing? The short answer is most likely not. The effect of migration on population aging is generally regarded as minor (Murphy 2017), and since population ageing is a global phenomenon, it will be of no general help anyway. A rapid increase in fertility is improbable and, in any case, an increase would take some 25 years before adding to the labor force. Instead, attention has been focused on how to adapt our social systems to the increasing number of elderly per worker – more so since the increase in the elderly-per-worker ratio came in parallel with a rise in per capita costs for the institutional care, home care, and general health care for the elderly.
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| 5. |
- Bengtsson, Tommy, et al.
(author)
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The Ageing Population
- 2010
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In: Population Ageing - A Threat to the Welfare State? The Case of Sweden. - Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer Berlin Heidelberg. - 9783642126116 ; , s. 7-22
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Book chapter (pop. science, debate, etc.)abstract
- The process of population ageing that has been occurring in Sweden can be expected to continue during the coming decades, the population pyramid will become increasingly rectangular, and possibly even demonstrating a shrinking base. This will lead to increasing challenges in terms of financing pensions, elderly care and healtcare. These problems will continue for at least 30 years with no demographic solutions available. Immigration is not likely to offset population ageing to any larger degree, and even dramatic increases in fertility reates would take 25-30 years to have any positive effect. Since increasing tax rates seems unlikely, the most viable solution lies in an expansion of the workforce and the resulting increase of the tax base. If we rely solely on increasing the retirement age to provide the increased hours worked, we would need to raise the minimum retirement age by roughly 5 years until 2050. While this might be possible, it is more likely that the solution lies not in this or any other single measure but in a combination thereof. However, expanding hours worked not only requires incentives but also job opportunities. Thus the policy should aim not only at expanding the labour supply but also labour demand.
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| 6. |
- Bengtsson, Tommy, et al.
(author)
-
The Ageing Population
- 2010
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In: Population Ageing - A Threat to the Welfare State? : The Case of Sweden - The Case of Sweden. - 9783642126116 ; , s. 7-22
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Book chapter (peer-reviewed)
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| 7. |
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| 8. |
- Kruse, Agneta, et al.
(author)
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A Stable Pension System: The Eighth Wonder
- 2010
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In: Population Ageing - A Threat to the Welfare State? The Case of Sweden. - Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer Berlin Heidelberg. - 9783642126116 ; , s. 47-64
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Book chapter (pop. science, debate, etc.)abstract
- Ageing, with increases in the old-age dependency ratio, puts a strain on pension systems organised as a pay-as-you-go system. The question asked is whether the Swedish system will be politically as weill as financially stable in the future. The design is described and analysed with resspect to sustainability.
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| 9. |
- Lindgren, Björn, et al.
(author)
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Financing healthcare
- 2010
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In: Population Ageing - A Threat to the Welfare State? The Case of Sweden. - 1613-5520. ; , s. 81-107
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Book chapter (other academic/artistic)
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| 10. |
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