| 1. |
- Bäckström, Martin, et al.
(författare)
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Is the General Factor of Personality really related to frequency of agreeable, conscientious, emotionally stable, extraverted, and open behavior? : An experience sampling study
- 2021
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Ingår i: Journal of Individual Differences. - : Hogrefe Publishing Group. - 1614-0001 .- 2151-2299. ; 42:3, s. 148-155
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Proponents of the general factor of personality have suggested that it is related to more instances of agreeable, conscientious, emotionally stable, extraverted, and open behavior. We tested this frequency hypothesis by relating the GFP from personality self-ratings to the number of instances of typical Big Five behaviors in real life. For a period of 18 consecutive days, 108 students provided responses to experience sampling items on their mobile phones. The items described concrete behaviors that were rated by experts of the Big Five as typical of either of the five traits and were phrased in a way that made them easy to interpret and respond to. The items were then validated in study 1 and it was found that the behavior correlated with Big Five ratings. In a second study, we tested the hypothesis that GFP is related to a higher frequency of GFP related behavior. The results provided little support for the frequency hypothesis and are more compatible with an interpretation of the GFP in terms of style rather than substance.
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| 2. |
- Bäckström, Martin, et al.
(författare)
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Social desirability in personality inventories: The nature of the evaluative factor
- 2014
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Ingår i: Journal of Individual Differences. - : Hogrefe Publishing Group. - 2151-2299 .- 1614-0001. ; 35:3, s. 144-157
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The difference between evaluatively loaded and evaluatively neutralized fivefactor inventory items was used to create new variables, one for each factor in the fivefactor model. Study 1 showed that these variables can be represented in terms of a general evaluative factor which is related to social desirability measures and indicated that the factor may equally well be represented as separate from the Big Five as superordinate to them. Study 2 revealed an evaluative factor in self-ratings and peer ratings of the Big Five, but the evaluative factor in self-reports did not correlate with such a factor in ratings by peers. In Study 3 the evaluative factor contributed above the Big Five in predicting work performance, indicating a substance component. The results are discussed in relation to measurement issues and self-serving biases.
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| 3. |
- Bäckström, Martin, et al.
(författare)
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Socially desirable responding in experience sampling : Consequences for personality research
- 2021
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Ingår i: Journal of Individual Differences. - : Hogrefe Publishing Group. - 1614-0001 .- 2151-2299. ; 42:4, s. 157-166
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Experience sampling often makes use of items that are similar to personality questionnaire items. Arguably, this opens up for item-popularity effects, where some respondents react to the items' level of evaluative phrasing, causing a separate factor. Gauging the risk of item popularity effects in experience sampling is important since the multifactorial aspect of the responses to the items may cause spurious correlations. We investigate this in one original study and two existing datasets. The results reveal that evaluativeness in experience sampling items creates the same type of problems as in self-rating inventories. We conclude that personality researchers need to be aware that the experience sampling method is not vaccinated against socially desirable responding, and that careful phrasing of items promotes purer personality measures. This allows for more optimal testing of theoretical models of personality, as the fit between data and model will not concern variance in socially desirable responding but in the relevant constructs.
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| 4. |
- Christensen, Sören, 1982
(författare)
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No Benefit in Seeing a Dark Future? On Recent Findings on the Effects of Forecasting Life Satisfaction
- 2016
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Ingår i: Journal of Individual Differences. - : Hogrefe Publishing Group. - 1614-0001 .- 2151-2299. ; 37:3, s. 201-2015
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In their article, Lang, Weiss, Gerstorf, & Wagner, (2013) use the adult life span sample of the national German Socio-Economic Panel (GSOEP) to explore functional outcomes of life satisfaction with regard to hazards of mortality. Their findings suggest that "being overly optimistic [in] predicting a better future than actually observed was associated with [...] a great risk of mortality within the following decade." In this short paper, we analyze the same data set using the same model, but, in addition to the self-rated health status in the starting year included in the model by Lang et al. (2013), we furthermore control for the self-rated health at the target year. With this modification, it turns out that the accuracy of anticipated future life satisfaction has no significant effect on mortality. Two additional analyses underpin this finding.
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| 5. |
- Bäckström, Martin, et al.
(författare)
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Structural modeling of generalized prejudice: The role of social dominance, authoritarianism, and empathy
- 2007
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Ingår i: Journal of Individual Differences. - : Hogrefe Publishing Group. - 2151-2299 .- 1614-0001. ; 28:1, s. 10-17
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Structural equation modeling on questionnaire data showed that prejudice toward different target groups can be represented in terms of a general prejudice factor. Distinction of classical and modern prejudice only increased model fit marginally. In two separate samples (paper and pencil vs. Internet) several structural models of the relationship between key individual difference variables and prejudice were tested, revealing highly similar results. Social dominance orientation, empathy, and right-wing authoritarianism had direct effects on generalized prejudice. The effect of participant sex on generalized prejudice, where the men scored higher, was largely mediated by empathy. The benefit of including empathy in structural models of prejudice is emphasized.
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| 6. |
- Akrami, Nazar, et al.
(författare)
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Personality and Social Psychology Factors Explaining Sexism
- 2011
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Ingår i: Journal of Individual Differences. - : Hogrefe Publishing Group. - 1614-0001 .- 2151-2299. ; 32:3, s. 153-160
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Previous research has almost exclusively examined sexism (negative attitudes toward women) from either a personality or a social-psychology perspective. In two studies (N = 379 and 182, respectively), we combine these perspectives and examine whether sexism is best explained by personality (Big-Five factors, social dominance orientation, and right-wing authoritarianism) or by social-psychological (group membership and group identification) variables - or by a combination of both approaches. Causal modeling and multiple regression analyses showed that, with the present set of variables, sexism was best explained by considering the combined influence of both personality- and social-psychology constructs. The findings imply that it is necessary to integrate various approaches to explain prejudice.
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| 7. |
- Berggren, Mathias, et al.
(författare)
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Motivated Social Cognition and Authoritarianism Is It All About Closed-Mindedness?
- 2019
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Ingår i: Journal of Individual Differences. - : Hogrefe Publishing Group. - 1614-0001 .- 2151-2299. ; 40:4, s. 204-212
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The domain of motivated social cognition includes a variety of concepts dealing with a need to seek structure and avoid ambiguity, and several of these concepts are also powerful predictors of social attitudes, such as authoritarianism. It is possible though that these relations are due to certain facets reoccurring in the different scales. In this paper, we tested the notion that authoritarianism is predicted specifically by rigidity in beliefs (closed-mindedness), rather than broader cognitive styles. Thus, we initially identified items in the motivated social cognition scales that are specifically measuring closed-mindedness. These items included the closed-mindedness facet of the need for closure scale and items from intolerance of ambiguity and need for cognition. We used these items to predict right-wing authoritarianism, social dominance orientation, and their common factor authoritarianism (generalized). In line with our prediction, two studies showed that the motivated social cognition scales did not provide a significant prediction of authoritarianism beyond the closed-mindedness items. We conclude that the relation between motivated social cognition and authoritarianism is captured entirely by the former's closed-mindedness component.
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| 8. |
- Ekehammar, Bo, et al.
(författare)
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The Generality of Personality Heritability : Big-Five Trait Heritability Predicts Response Time to Trait Items
- 2010
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Ingår i: Journal of Individual Differences. - : Hogrefe Publishing Group. - 1614-0001 .- 2151-2299. ; 31:4, s. 209-214
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The present research examined the relation between heritability and response time for the Big-Five personality facets in three samples of adults and adolescents. We predicted that the larger the heritability of a facet the faster is the response to the items of that facet. Supporting our predictions, the results showed that heritability and response time were negatively correlated. The effect size of the relationship was small but systematic and statistically significant across all samples. The findings underline the generality of personality heritability and highlight the link between heritability and behavioral indicators. The potential usefulness of both heritability estimates and response time in research on personality is discussed.
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| 9. |
- Maneiro, Lorena, et al.
(författare)
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Pursuing the Dark Triad Psychometric properties of the Spanish Version of the Dirty Dozen
- 2019
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Ingår i: Journal of Individual Differences. - : Hogrefe & Huber Publishers. - 1614-0001 .- 2151-2299. ; 40:1, s. 36-44
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The Dirty Dozen scale is a short measure developed to assess the Dark Triad traits, namely Machiavellianism, psychopathy, and narcissism, which has previously shown good psychometric properties. The aim of this study was to validate a Spanish version of the Dirty Dozen through the assessment of its psychometric properties in a sample constituted by 326 young adults aged 18-34 (M = 20.55; SD = 1.89) from Spain. The Spanish version of the Dirty Dozen showed good internal consistency and acceptable test-retest stability. Likewise, the analysis of the factorial structure supported the three-factor solution and showed a best fit for the bifactorial model. The latent factor of the general Dark Triad was associated with low levels of Honesty/Humility, psychopathic traits, impulsivity, and sensation seeking; whereas a differential pattern of associations between the three specific Dark Triad latent factors and the nomological network was found. Furthermore, the Dark Triad traits showed differential relations with reactive and proactive aggression, verifying the external validity of the Spanish version of the Dirty Dozen. Results support the distinctiveness of the Dark Triad traits and justify the Dirty Dozen as an efficient measure for dark personalities in Spanish-speaking contexts.
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| 10. |
- Strack, Juliane, et al.
(författare)
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Must we suffer to succeed? : When anxiety boosts motivation and performance
- 2017
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Ingår i: Journal of Individual Differences. - : Hogrefe Publishing Group. - 1614-0001 .- 2151-2299. ; 38:2, s. 113-124
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Why do some people work best under pressure? In two studies, we examined whether and how people use anxiety to motivate themselves. As predicted, clarity of feelings moderated the relationship between trait anxiety and the tendency to use this emotion as a source of motivation (i.e., anxiety motivation). Furthermore, anxiety motivation mediated the relationship between trait anxiety and outcomes - including academic achievement (Study 1) as well as persistence and job satisfaction (Study 2). These findings suggest that individuals who are clear about their feelings are more likely to thrive on anxiety and eustress and possibly use these to achieve their goals and find satisfaction at work.
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