| 1. |
- Bauner, David, et al.
(författare)
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Evolving Technological Systems for Diesel Engine Emission Control : Balancing GHG and Local Emissions
- 2009
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Ingår i: Clean Technologies and Environmental Policy. - New York : Springer. - 1618-954X .- 1618-9558. ; 11:3, s. 339-365
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The Triad-North America, Japan and Europe-now addresses diesel vehicle emissions by requiring 40-80% reductions from new heavy-duty trucks and passenger car diesels. The requirements imply introduction of new technology and fuels stepwise during 2005-2012 that will leave emissions from new diesel vehicles on par with the levels of gasoline passenger cars. This paper studies the recent development of diesel engine emission control in response to new regulation. The role for Swedish actors, including two of the world's major truck manufacturers, is especially studied. The increasingly global Technological System for diesel engine emission control is compelled to manage further reductions of nitrogen oxides emissions and fuel consumption and CO2, the balance of which has been the subject of several large legal disputes. Swedish OEMs are at present split into two technological sub-trajectories, while the future may be multi-pronged and include new engine types and fuels. Interestingly, similar commercial advantages that were sought by the pioneers introducing advanced feedback loop catalysis in gasoline cars in the 1970s are now sought by some heavy-duty diesel engine manufacturers by conversely avoiding the mainstream-Selective catalytic reduction-solution. Incremental innovation is the new radical.
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| 2. |
- Brau, Jean-Florian, 1987, et al.
(författare)
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Hydrogen for oil refining via biomass indirect steam gasification: energy and environmental targets
- 2013
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Ingår i: Clean Technologies and Environmental Policy. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1618-954X .- 1618-9558. ; 15:3, s. 501-512
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The energy and CO2 consequences of substitution of a fossil-fuel-based hydrogen production unit with a biomass-based process in a large European refinery are studied in this study. In the base case, the biomass-based process consists in atmospheric, steam-blown indirect gasification of air-dried woody biomass followed by necessary upgrading steps. The effect of gradually substituting the current refinery hydrogen production unit with this process on global energy and CO2 targets is estimated first. Few process concepts are studied in further detail by looking at different degrees of heat integration with the remaining refinery units and possible polygeneration opportunities. The proposed process concepts are compared in terms of energy and exergy performances and potential reduction in refinery CO2 emission also taking into account the effect of marginal electricity. Compared to the base case, an increase by up to 8 % points in energy efficiency and 9 % points in exergy efficiency can be obtained by exploiting process integration opportunities. According to energy efficiency, steam production appears the best way to use excess heat available in the process while electricity generation through a heat recovery steam cycle appears the best option according to exergy efficiency results. All investigated cases yield to significant reduction in CO2 emissions at the refinery. It appears in particular that maximal emission reduction is obtained by producing extra steam to cover the demand of other refinery units if high efficiency marginal electricity scenarios are considered.
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| 3. |
- Da, Chau Thi, et al.
(författare)
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Recycled pangasius pond sediments as organic fertilizer for vegetables cultivation : strategies for sustainable food production
- 2023
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Ingår i: Clean Technologies and Environmental Policy. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1618-954X .- 1618-9558. ; 25:2, s. 369-380
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Intensive Pangasius aquaculture farming contributes to increased income and profits in Vietnam, but is also associated with many environmental problems, including pollution from nutrient-rich water and sediments that are released into the environment. This article investigates the feasibility of using Pangasius pond sediments (PPS) in combination with amendments of rice straw (RS) to fertilize cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) and water spinach (Ipomoea aquatica Forssk) plant. The results showed that mixing a ratio of 30% PPS with 70% RS produced the highest nutrient concentrations. The study demonstrates that organic fertilizer produced from PPS in combination with chemical fertilizer can replace 2575% of the inorganic fertilizers used as a nutrient source for cucumber and water spinach, and also increase the vegetable production. The highest yields were found for treatment PPS-3 (a combination of 50% chemical fertilizer and 50% organic fertilizer used on cucumber), and for treatment PPSRS-4 (a combination of 25% chemical fertilizer and 75% organic fertilizer used on water spinach) in both the wet and dry season (P˂0.05). The lowest yields were found when growing cucumbers and water spinach either with 100% organic fertilizer (the treatment PPS-5) or with 100% chemical fertilizer (the control treatment PPS-1), respectively (P˂0.05). Overall, the results indicated that the recycling of PPS as organic fertilizer and chemical fertilizer in combination for vegetable cultivation is more environmentally friendly as compared to using only chemical fertilizers.
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| 4. |
- Foglia, Domenico, et al.
(författare)
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Effects of feedstocks on the process integration of biohydrogen production
- 2011
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Ingår i: Clean Technologies and Environmental Policy. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1618-954X .- 1618-9558. ; 13:4, s. 547-558
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Future production of hydrogen must be sustainable. To obtain it, renewable resources have to be employed for its production. Fermentation of biomasses could be a viable way. The process evaluated is a two-step fermentation to produce hydrogen from biomass. Process options with barley straws, PSP, and thick juice as feedstocks have been compared on the basis of process balances. Aspen Plus has been used to calculate mass and energy balances taking into account the integration of the process. Results show that the production of hydrogen as energy carrier is technically feasible with all the considered feedstocks and thanks to heat integration, second generation biomass (PSP and barley straws) are competitive with food crops (thick juice).
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| 5. |
- Ghosh, Nilanshu, et al.
(författare)
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Accelerating electric vehicle adoption : techno-economic assessment to modify existing fuel stations with fast charging infrastructure
- 2022
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Ingår i: Clean Technologies and Environmental Policy. - : Springer Nature. - 1618-954X .- 1618-9558. ; 24:10, s. 3033-3046
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- With the increasing electric vehicle (EV) penetration, there arises an immediate need for charging infrastructure. In the future, the electrification of transportation will reduce the requirement of existing fuel stations, thereby rendering them obsolete. However, they are best suited to cater to the charging demand of EVs as the drivers are accustomed to the locations and the incremental cost of providing this service will be lower. In this paper, we propose a novel methodology to assess the techno-economic feasibility of retrofitting an existing fuel station with EV charging infrastructure also known as Electric Vehicle Supply Equipment (EVSE). To further enhance the value proposition, the potential of integrating Battery Energy Storage System (BESS) with EV charging infrastructure, which results in the reduction of grid connection costs, is studied. The sustainability of the proposed system is improved with additional onsite Photovoltaic (PV) generation. The proposed methodology is implemented for the UK as a case study. The configurations in this study are designed based on the technical considerations involved in retrofitting a typical fuel station as a fast charging facility for EVs. From the results, it is observed that the configurations with 4 EVSE, 1 BESS, and 8 h of operation and the configuration with 4 EVSE, 1 BESS, and 1 PV system for 8 h of operation are economically viable. The abovementioned configurations are the most economically feasible configurations in terms of the Net Present Value (NPV), Internal Rate of Return (IRR) and the Discounted Payback Period (DPP) amongst the other configurations considered in this study. The proposed methodology indicates that though the connection cost is the dominant factor affecting the feasibility, the use of BESS with or without PV can reduce the connection cost by almost 90% depending on the capacity of BESS. The methodology acts as a decision support tool to select a techno-economically feasible configuration of EVSE, BESS, and PV. Graphical abstract:
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| 6. |
- Govindarajan, Venkatesh, 1972-
(författare)
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Critique of selected peer-reviewed publications on applied social life cycle assessment : Focus on cases from developing countries
- 2019
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Ingår i: Clean Technologies and Environmental Policy. - : Springer Berlin/Heidelberg. - 1618-954X .- 1618-9558. ; 21:2, s. 413-430
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The social aspect of sustainable and ‘clean’ production/manufacturing technologies is researched and understood by means of Social Life Cycle Assessment (SLCA), a Life Cycle Sustainability Assessment (LCSA) tool, which is still in its infancy. In this paper, a search for all peer-reviewed publications on applied Social LCA, which have appeared in scientific journals, between O’Brien et al (1996) and the latest one at the time of writing (April 2018), was carried out, using Scopus as the repository and using “S-LCA” OR “SLCA” OR “Social LCA” OR “Social Life Cycle Assessment” as search-phrases in title, abstract and keywords of publications, separately. Overall, 213 publications were unearthed, and the trend shows that there has been a near-exponential increase over time. A little over 55% of these publications – 121 to be precise - were applications of S-LCA – often in combination with environmental-LCA and life cycle costing analysis, in an LCSA. This paper discusses the contributions of a selected subset of these 121 publications to the body of S-LCA knowledge, with the focus being restricted to applications in developing and transition economies of the world, on the premise that there is a more urgent need to understand social aspects of production and manufacturing in these parts of the world. A SWOT analysis of S-LCA has been carried out towards the end. There is a consensus among many researchers that while LCC and E-LCA have matured a lot over time, S-LCA, the newest of the trio, is evolving slowly to become a harmonised tool which can serve as an effective complement to the aforesaid two, in life cycle sustainability assessments of products and processes in industry.
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| 7. |
- Haller, Henrik, 1977-, et al.
(författare)
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Polluted lignocellulose-bearing sediments as a resource for marketable goods—a review of potential technologies for biochemical and thermochemical processing and remediation
- 2023
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Ingår i: Clean Technologies and Environmental Policy. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1618-954X .- 1618-9558. ; 25, s. 409-425
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Lignocellulose-bearing sediments are legacies of the previously unregulated wastewater discharge from the pulp and paper industry, causing large quantities of toxic organic waste on the Baltic Sea floor and on the bottom of rivers and lakes. Several km2 are covered with deposits of lignocellulosic residues, typically heavily contaminated with complex mixtures of organic and inorganic pollutants, posing a serious threat to human and ecological health. The high toxicity and the large volume of the polluted material are challenges for remediation endeavours. The lignocellulosic material is also a considerable bioresource with a high energy density, and due to its quantity, it could appeal to commercialization as feedstock for various marketable goods. This study sets out to explore the potential of using this polluted material as a resource for industrial production at the same time as it is detoxified. Information about modern production methods for lignocellulosic material that can be adapted to a polluted feedstock is reviewed. Biochemical methods such as composting, anaerobic digestion, as well as, thermochemical methods, for instance, HTC, HTL, pyrolysis, gasification and torrefaction have been assessed. Potential products from lignocellulose-bearing sediment material include biochar, liquid and gaseous biofuels, growing substrate. The use of a contaminated feedstock may make the process more expensive, but the suggested methods should be seen as an alternative to remediation methods that only involve costs. Several experiments were highlighted that support the conception that combined remediation and generation of marketable goods may be an appropriate way to address polluted lignocellulose-bearing sediments. Graphic abstract: [Figure not available: see fulltext.]
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| 8. |
- Hektor, Erik, 1978, et al.
(författare)
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Reduction of greenhouse gases in integrated pulp and paper mills: possibilities for CO2 capture and storage
- 2009
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Ingår i: Clean Technologies and Environmental Policy. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1618-954X .- 1618-9558. ; 11:1, s. 59-65
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Earlier work has shown that capturing the CO2 from flue gases in the recovery boiler at a market pulp mill can be a cost-effective way of reducing mill CO2 emissions. In this paper, it is investigated whether the same is valid for an integrated pulp and paper mill. Five configurations are compared, supplying the extra energy needed by a biofuel boiler, an NGCC, a heat pump or by reducing the steam demand at the mill in combination with a biofuel boiler or an NGCC. The configurations have been evaluated with energy market scenarios and the avoidance cost has been calculated. The NGCC configurations have the lowest avoidance costs in all scenarios and they also have the advantage of liberating biofuel for use in other parts of society.
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| 9. |
- Isaksson, Johan, 1983, et al.
(författare)
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Pretreatment methods for gasification of biomass and Fischer-Tropsch crude production integrated with a pulp and paper mill
- 2014
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Ingår i: Clean Technologies and Environmental Policy. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1618-954X .- 1618-9558. ; 16:7, s. 1393-1402
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this paper, the influence on the system performance and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions of different biomass pretreatment methods before gasification and Fischer–Tropsch (FT) crude production was evaluated. Entrained flow gasification has the benefit of producing a practically tar-free synthesis gas with nearly complete carbon conversion. This gasifier type requires a relatively dry fuel, with small particle size, at high pressure. The size can be acquired by milling, which is energy intensive and feeding is challenging. Torrefaction of biomass facilitates milling; it thus requires less electricity, however, the torrefaction process requires heat. Pyrolysis decomposes the biomass into gaseous, liquid, and solid parts, respectively. This further makes feeding easier, but comes with a greater heat demand than torrefaction. The impact of the different pretreatment methods on the overall energy system has been evaluated using process integration methodology. The results show that the excess heat from an FT process with a biomass input of 300 MWHHV can replace the bark boiler in a large chemical pulp and paper mill, producing 350,000 tonnes of bleached paperboard annually. With the preconditions given for this study, thermal pretreatment of biomass may be beneficial in terms of wood-to-FT crude efficiency, with efficiencies up to 68 %, assuming 40 % electrical efficiency. Pretreatment using pyrolysis performed the best in regards to GHG emissions, if CO2 from acid gas removal was vented, while milling, with an annual reduction of around 700,000 tonnes of CO2,eq, had the best results if the CO2 was captured and sequestrated.
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| 10. |
- Laaksometsä, Catherine, 1981, et al.
(författare)
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Energy savings combined with lignin extraction for production increase : Case study at a eucalyptus mill in Portugal
- 2009
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Ingår i: Clean Technologies and Environmental Policy. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1618-954X .- 1618-9558. ; 11:1, s. 77-82
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In previous research by the authors, energy savings combined with lignin extraction as a means to debottleneck the recovery boiler were evaluated on a model mill. The study showed that this concept was a profitable alternative to recovery boiler upgrade. In the present paper the concept was taken one step further, and the potential for energy savings and possibilities for lignin extraction were evaluated at a real mill: a market pulp mill in Portugal. The energy-saving methods proved to be applicable also to the real mill and the steam-saving potential was 4.2 GJ/ADt or 33%. Lignin extraction trials with bench scale equipment showed that lignin extraction was fully viable at the studied mill. A full-scale lignin separation plant according to the LignoBoost concept, combined with energy savings, was simulated in a computer environment and compared to installation of a new recovery boiler. A new recovery boiler had an investment cost four times higher than the LignoBoost concept combined with energy savings, but the electricity production would be higher. The profitability for a production increase of 16% was calculated for both cases. Steam savings combined with LignoBoost were found to have better profitability unless the electricity price is very high. © 2008 Springer-Verlag.
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