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- Adlerberth, Ingegerd, 1959
(författare)
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Factors influencing the establishment of the intestinal microbiota in infancy.
- 2008
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Ingår i: Nestlé Nutrition workshop series. Paediatric programme. - Basel : KARGER. - 1661-6677. ; 62
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The establishment of the intestinal microbiota commences at birth and new bacteria establish in succession during the first years of life until an adult-type highly complex microbiota has been achieved. The first bacteria to establish in the neonatal gut are usually aerobic or facultatively anaerobic bacteria, like enterobacteria, enterococci and staphylococci. During their growth they consume oxygen and change the intestinal milieu making it suitable for the proliferation of anaerobic bacteria. Bifidobacterium, Clostridium and Bacteroides are among the first anaerobes establishing in the microbiota. As more oxygen-sensitive species establish and the complexity of the microbiota increases, the population sizes of aerobic and facultative bacteria decline. This phenomenon is thought to result from oxygen depletion, substrate competition and the accumulation of toxic metabolites. A wide range of factors influence the intestinal microbiota and its establishment, including delivery and feeding mode, antibiotic treatment, and contacts with parents, siblings, and hospital staff. Differences in colonization pattern can be observed between vaginally and sectiodelivered infants, and between infants in industrialized and developing countries, reflecting the importance of maternal microbiota and the environment as sources of colonizing bacteria. This article describes the intestinal colonization pattern in human infants, and reviews factors affecting this process.
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| 5. |
- Domellöf, Magnus
(författare)
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Benefits and harms of iron supplementation in iron-deficient and iron-sufficient children
- 2010
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Ingår i: Nestlé Nutrition workshop series. Paediatric programme. - : S. Karger AG. - 1661-6677. ; 65, s. 153-165
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Due to high iron requirements, young children are at risk for iron deficiency anemia. Iron supplements are therefore often recommended, especially since iron deficiency anemia in children is associated with poor neurodevelopment. However, in contrast to most other nutrients, excess iron cannot be excreted by the human body and it has recently been suggested that excessive iron supplementation of young children may have adverse effects on growth, risk of infections, and even on cognitive development. Recent studies support that iron supplements are beneficial in iron-deficient children but there is a risk of adverse effects in those who are iron replete. In populations with a low prevalence of iron deficiency, general supplementation should therefore be avoided. Iron-fortified foods can still be generally recommended since they seem to be safer than medicinal iron supplements, but the level of iron fortification should be limited. General iron supplementation is recommended in areas with a high prevalence of iron deficiency, with the exception of malarious areas where a cautious supplementation approach needs to be adopted, based either on screening or a combination of iron supplements and infection control measures. More studies are urgently needed to better determine the risks and benefits of iron supplementation and iron-fortified foods given to iron-deficient and iron-sufficient children.
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| 6. |
- Hanson, Lars Åke, 1934, et al.
(författare)
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Growth and nutrition: the first six months
- 2008
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Ingår i: Nestlé Nutrition workshop series. Paediatric programme. - Basel : KARGER. - 1661-6677. ; 61, s. 123-34
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Today the WHO Growth Chart Standards, based on the growth of breastfed infants, are used. These growth curves solve the problem of the deviating observations for breastfed compared to non-breastfed infants using previous growth charts. Presently it is not clear how the mother's diet, especially the fat intake, influences the growth of the offspring. Animal experiments indicate that a low intake of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids via the milk may have short- and long-term negative consequences. There is limited information in man. It has been suggested that the mammary glands may have phylogenetically originated from glands providing innate immunity, later developing capacities for providing nutrition. This would agree with the fact that human milk contains so many major components which do not primarily function as nutrients, but seem to protect nutrition and growth. Lactoferrin, oligosaccharides, glycoproteins, secretory IgA antibodies, alpha-lactalbumin and the antisecretory factor have such functions.
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| 9. |
- Polberger, Staffan
(författare)
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New Approaches to Optimizing Early Diets.
- 2009
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Ingår i: Nestle Nutrition workshop series. Paediatric programme. - Basel : KARGER. - 1661-6677. ; 63, s. 195-208
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Most extremely low birthweight (ELBW; <1,000 g) infants will survive if cared for at a tertiary neonatal intensive care unit, and should be given optimal nutrition for brain development. Human milk confers nutritional and non-nutritional advantages over infant formula, and is started during the first hours of life. In Sweden, most ELBW infants are fed individually with mother's own milk (preferred) and banked milk, with supplementary parenteral nutrition. There is an enormous variation particularly in the fat and protein content of milk between mothers, during the day and the course of lactation. Infrared macronutrient analyses on 24-hour collections of mother's milk are performed once a week allowing for optimal protein and energy intakes. All banked milk is analyzed, and the most protein-rich milk is given to a newborn ELBW infant. After 2 weeks, the milk may be fortified if the protein or energy intakes need to be further increased, and fortification is continued throughout the tube-feeding period. Parenteral nutrition is continued until the enteral intake constitutes 75-80% of the total volume intake. Protein markers, e.g. serum urea and transthyretin, are assessed, and growth is monitored by measurements of weight, crown-heel length and head circumference.
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