| 1. |
- Karlsson, Stefan, et al.
(författare)
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Alkali salt vapour deposition and in-line ion exchange on flat glass surfaces
- 2015
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Ingår i: European Journal of Glass Science and Technology. Part A: Glass Technology. - : Society of Glass Technology. - 1753-3546 .- 1753-3554. ; 56:6, s. 203-213
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study suggests a different route for the modification of flat/float glass surfaces; i.e. exchange of ionic species originating from in-line vapour deposition of salt as compared to the conventional route of immersing the glass in a molten salt bath. The aim of this work is to develop a more flexible and, eventually, more rapid process for improving the mechanical strength of flat glass by introducing external material into the surface. We discuss how chemical strengthening can be performed through the application of potassium chloride on the glass surface by vapour deposition, and in-line thermally activated ion exchange. The method presented here has the potential to be up-scaled and to be used in in-line production in the future, which would make it possible to produce large quantities of chemically strengthened flat glass at a considerably lower cost.
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| 2. |
- Grund Bäck, Lina, 1974-, et al.
(författare)
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The influence of basicity on oxygen activity and antimony oxide fining efficiency in alkali alkaline earth aluminosilicate glasses
- 2009
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Ingår i: European Journal of Glass Science and Technology. Part A: Glass Technology. - Sheffield : Society of Glass Technology. - 1753-3546 .- 1753-3554. ; 50:5, s. 241-246
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The number of bubbles was monitored in antimony oxide fined R2O-MxOy-SiO2 and R2O-CaO-Al2O3-SiO2 glasses (R = Na, K; M = Ca, Mg, Ba, Sr, Zn, B, Al, Ti, x = 1 or 2, y = 1, 2 or 3) in order to evaluate the fining efficiency. Electrochemical measurements of oxygen activity were used to, in situ, monitor the fining characteristics and conditions in some of the investigated glass melts. The results showed that an increase of the calculated optical basicity was related to an increased number of bubbles in the glass samples. The oxygen activity in the melt during fining decreased with increased optical basicity.
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| 3. |
- Jonson, Bo, et al.
(författare)
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Devitrification and dilatometric properties of low Tg unleaded silicate glasses
- 2013
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Ingår i: Glass Technology: European Journal of Glass Science and Technology Part A. - 1753-3554 .- 1753-3546. ; 54:3, s. 108-110
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Candidate lead free glass enamels have been sought within the glass system described in general terms by the mole fractions 0·25R 2O.0·16(R'O, R2"O3). 0·59SiO2 where R=Li, Na, K; R'=Ba, Zn and R"=B, Bi. Glass compositions containing high mole fractions of Li2O were found to devitrify when they were heated to temperatures up to 530°C typical for the procedure used when fusing enamels to tableware glasses. The devitrification characteristics are complex and several peaks atributed to crystallisation were found by DSC characterisation. The thermal expansion coefficient(α) within the system ranges from 11-14×10-6 K-1 and the glass transition temperatures(Tg) between 410-460°C. The measured data could be fitted to the chemical composition by multiple regression analysis with a general equation of the form:(α, Tg)=K(α/T g)+Σ(cR×fR) in which K is a constant, c is the oxide mole fraction and f is an oxide specific factor. The statistical analysis correlation coefficients(r2) were around 0·9.
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| 4. |
- Karlsson, Stefan, 1984-, et al.
(författare)
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Surface ruby colouring of float glass by sodium-copper ion exchange
- 2013
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Ingår i: Glass Technology: European Journal of Glass Science and Technology Part A. - : Society of Glass Technology. - 1753-3554 .- 1753-3546. ; 54:3, s. 100-107
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this paper, colouration of the tin side of commercial soda-lime-silica float glass by copper ion exchange is described and characterised. Data on the resulting concentration versus depth profiles, absorbance versus depth profiles, UV-Vis spectra and CIE-Lab colour coordinates are reported. Fundamental aspects of the process of colouration are described and discussed. Optimum saturation of the colour is achieved after ion exchange at 520°C for 10 h or at 500°C for 20 h. The depth of the coloured layer increases with increasing treatment time. At the same time, a linear dependency is found between the values of a and b in the CIE-Lab colour space for variations of treatment time and temperature. The later indicates broad tunability of colouration between different shades of ruby and varying colour saturation. It is shown that colour arises from a redox reaction between copper species and residual tin ions, and that the depth of the coloured layer is governed by the position of the tin hump. The critical concentration of tin and copper to achieve colour formation was found to be ∼0·25 mol% and >1 mol%, respectively.
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| 5. |
- Stålhandske, Christina, et al.
(författare)
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Fluid jet polishing of planar flat glass surfaces and within holes
- 2014
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Ingår i: European Journal of Glass Science and Technology. Part A: Glass Technology. - : Society of Glass Technology. - 1753-3546 .- 1753-3554. ; 55:2, s. 49-54
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Planar ground float glass surfaces and the surfaces within holes are polished using fluid jet polishing (FJP) in order to improve their visual appearance or material strength. The large flexibility of FJP makes it suitable for polishing holes and other complex geometries. The influence of polishing speed, incident angle, distance, pressure, abrasive concentration, and nozzle diameter are investigated. Al2O3 is the abrasive used. The surface quality is evaluated visually and also measured with an optical profiler. The mechanical strength of the polished holes are evaluated with an MTS testing machine. Planar surfaces, and the surfaces of drilled and water cut holes are greatly improved by polishing. For a planar surface the lowest root mean square surface slope, Sdq, value achieved is 0·5 deg using 50% abrasive and 1000 mesh grains. The failure load of the glass with drilled holes increased 20% with FJP
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| 6. |
- Bring, Torun, et al.
(författare)
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Colour development in copper ruby alkali silicate glasses. : Part 2. The effect of tin (II) oxide and antimony (III) oxide
- 2007
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Ingår i: GLASS TECHNOLOGY-EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF GLASS SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY PART A. - : Society of Glass Technology. - 1753-3546. ; 48:3, s. 142-148
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The effect of Sb3+ and Sn2+ during the heat treatment of copper ruby alkali silicate glasses is investigated. The reducing power of SnO and Sb2O3 with respect to Cu is investigated and it is concluded that SnO has the strongest reducing capability. When Cu2O and SnO concentrations are low, minor additions of Sb2O3 have an observable impact on colour development and absorbance, as thin pieces of glass develop a bluish tint and a larger shift towards longer wavelengths is observed in UV/vis spectra. The differences in colour and spectra are suggested to be caused by differences in size of the colour forming agent, Cu metal particles.
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| 7. |
- Bring, Torun, et al.
(författare)
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Colour development in copper ruby alkali silicate glasses : Part 1. The impact of tin (II) oxide, time and temperature
- 2007
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Ingår i: Glass Technology, Eur J Glass Sci Technol A. - : Society of Glass Technology. ; 48:2, s. 101-108
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The development of the red colour in copper ruby alkali silicate glasses has been studied by means of ultraviolet/visible spectroscopy, TEM and EXAFS. The results show that in both red and slightly overstruck, brownish glasses the colour is due to clusters of metallic copper. Before striking non-coloured glasses contain mainly cuprous ions, Cu+. Tin acts as a reducing agent but also has an accelerating effect on colour development.
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| 8. |
- Bring, Torun, et al.
(författare)
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Selenium : molybdenum-based coloration of alkali silicate glasses
- 2007
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Ingår i: Glass Technology. - : Society of Glass Technology. - 0017-1050. ; 48:5, s. 213-221
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The interaction between selenium and molybdenum in reduced alkali silicate melts, resulting in red glasses has been studied. The oxidation state of Mo is Mo(VI) as evidenced by XANES and ESCA results. Selenium is present in a reduced state, as indicated by ultraviolet/visible spectroscopy and XANES. The colour is described by ultraviolet/visible spectra and CIE colour coordinates. The main absorption peaks are at 450 and 540 nm. Similar bands are reported for MoOSe32−. Several commonly used glass components must be avoided in the batch, as they prevent formation of the red colour.
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| 9. |
- Grund, Lina, et al.
(författare)
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Compositional effect on fining and oxygen activity in mixed alkali silicate glasses
- 2009
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Ingår i: European Journal of Glass Science and Technology. Part A: Glass Technology. - : Society of Glass Technology. - 1753-3546. ; 50:1, s. 62-64
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study monitors, in situ, how alterations of the glass composition affect the results of fining and the oxygen activity (aO2) of the melt. The number of bubbles in annealed glass samples was determined in order to evaluate the fining efficiency. Electrochemical measurement of aO2 was used to monitor in situ the fining charcteristics and conditions of Na2O-K2O-CaO-SiO2 glasses. The glasses investigated had a constant alkali oxide content, but a varying ratio of Na2O/(Na2O+K2O). The Sb2O3 content was o.2 mole-% and NaNO3 or KNO3 was added as oxidising agent in most of the glasses. The results show that the number of bubbles decreases from approximately 1100 to 200 bubbles/ 100 g glass and that aO2 at 1400 deg C increases from 0.2 to 1.2 bar in the glass melt when increasing the Na2O/(Na2O+K2O) ratio from 0 to 1.
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| 10. |
- Jonson, Bo, 1958-, et al.
(författare)
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A CIELAB approach facilitating glass decolourising and recycling of coloured cullet
- 2009
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Ingår i: European Journal of Glass Science and Technology. Part A: Glass Technology. - Sheffield : Society of Glass Technology. - 1753-3546. ; 50:2, s. 89-94
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The CIELAB coordinate has demonstrated as useful for description of the colour characteristics of decolourised flint glass. The amounts of cobalt and erbium oxides necessary for sufficient decolourising of additions of coloured cullet can be calculated from the appearant linear dependence of CIE a* and b* coordinates to the added amounts of cobalt and erbium oxides to the batch. For the sucess of such a calculation, the colour point of the added cullet must be determined.
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