| 1. |
- Pettersson, Katarina, et al.
(författare)
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Paradoxical spaces of feminist resistance : mapping the margin to the masculinist innovation discourse
- 2013
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Ingår i: International Journal of Gender and Entrepreneurship. - 1756-6266 .- 1756-6274. ; 5:3, s. 323-341
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Purpose - Various studies indicate that men and certain masculinities are ascribed a normative role in innovation policies and innovation networks. This article aims to analyse which feminist approaches have been used in order to articulate and perform resistance to the hegemonic ‘masculinist’ discourses on innovation, applying the concept of paradoxical space coined by Rose (1993). We specifically focus on Swedish gender and innovation research and development (R&D) projects, as Sweden has been depicted as progressive in the theoretical and practical development of this field.Design/methodology/approach - We analyse feminist approaches used in the ‘margin to the mainstream’ of innovation R&D. The analysis is conducted on research and evaluation – where the authors have been involved as ‘outsiders within’. The empirical material is gathered through literature searches and interviews. Findings - We conclude that three approaches to feminist resistance, outlined by Rose, are used in the analysed material: movements between the centre and margin; reaching beyond representation and definition, and paradoxical spaces used as separatism. A fourth approach – using paradoxical space for recognising differences in terms of, for example, ‘race’, class and sexuality – is mainly lacking in the material, except in a few cases. Our theoretical contribution lies in clarifying and delineating the occurrence of different approaches to the application of a gender perspective on innovation R&D, and in highlighting the implication for gendered innovation discourses in policy, research and practice. Practical implications - Implications based on the analysis include the need for applying different approaches to feminist resistance against the masculinist central discourse on innovation, since different approaches are able to perform resistance against the different aspects of the masculinist discourses. Our findings indicate that policy support and specific calls in the field of gender and innovation are necessary for the development of this field. Further, policy support should enable various approaches to feminist resistance. Originality/value - The article contributes by providing an overview of programs, projects and studies concerning gender and innovation R&D in Sweden – thus delineating the forefront of the scientific and practical field of gender and innovation. It also links feminist theories to practical efforts, identifying different approaches to feminist resistance towards a masculinist central discourse on innovation.
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| 2. |
- Abbasian, Saeid, 1961-, et al.
(författare)
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Exploring the financing gap between native born women- and immigrant women-owned firms at the start-up stage : Empirical evidence from Swedish data
- 2013
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Ingår i: International Journal of Gender and Entrepreneurship. - UK : Emerald Group Publishing Limited. - 1756-6266 .- 1756-6274. ; 5:2, s. 157-173
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Purpose: The main purpose of this study is to provide empirical evidence which identifies the impact of ethnicity and other relevant variables on external capital acquisition among Swedish women-owned businesses at start-up. Design/methodology/approach: Several methods have been employed to analyze the sample including a binary logistic regression model. The sample consists of 836 women-owned businesses in southeast Sweden; 97 immigrant-owned, 739 native born-owned. Findings: The results indicate that there are partly significant differences between native women-owned firms and immigrant woman-owned businesses at start-up. Unlike the native-owned firms, the immigrant woman-owned businesses rely more on loans from family members and less on bank loans. Practical implications: The results reveal that age has a positive impact on loans from family members, while the additional job outside one's own business, the amount of the owner's personal start-up capital and firm size positively influenced access to capital from banks. The owners' level of education, previous business experience, the legal form taken by the firm and the industry affiliation conversely played no significant role in explaining the women owners' attitudes toward loans from either friends or the bank. Originality/value: To the authors' knowledge, this study is the first empirical investigation addressing this issue in the Swedish context.
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| 3. |
- Achtenhagen, Leona, 1969-, et al.
(författare)
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Studies on women's entrepreneurship from Nordic countries and beyond
- 2013
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Ingår i: International Journal of Gender and Entrepreneurship. - : Emerald. - 1756-6266 .- 1756-6274. ; 5:1, s. 4-16
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Purpose– The purpose of this paper is to direct attention to recent research on women'sentrepreneurship, focusing on Nordic countries.Design/methodology/approach– The paper encourages research that investigates how context, at the micro, meso and macro level, is related to women's entrepreneurship, and acknowledges that gender is socially constructed.Findings– This paper finds evidence that recent calls for new directions in women's entrepreneurship research are being followed, specifically with regard to how gender is done and how context is related to women's entrepreneurial activities.Originality/value– This paper assesses trends in research on women's entrepreneurship, mainly from the Nordic countries.
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| 4. |
- Achtenhagen, Leona, et al.
(författare)
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With a focus on context - studies on women's entrepreneurship from Nordic countries and beyond : Guest Editorial
- 2012
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Ingår i: International Journal of Gender and Entrepreneurship. - : Emerald Group Publishing Limited. - 1756-6266 .- 1756-6274. ; 5:1, s. 4-16
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Purpose– The purpose of this paper is to direct attention to recent research on women's entrepreneurship, focusing on Nordic countries.Design/methodology/approach– The paper encourages research that investigates how context, at the micro, meso and macro level, is related to women's entrepreneurship, and acknowledges that gender is socially constructed.Findings– This paper finds evidence that recent calls for new directions in women's entrepreneurship research are being followed, specifically with regard to how gender is done and how context is related to women's entrepreneurial activities.Originality/value– This paper assesses trends in research on women's entrepreneurship, mainly from the Nordic countries.
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| 5. |
- Aggestam, Maria, et al.
(författare)
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How women entrepreneurs build embeddedness : a case study approach
- 2017
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Ingår i: International Journal of Gender and Entrepreneurship. - : Emerald Group Publishing Limited. - 1756-6266 .- 1756-6274. ; 9:3, s. 252-268
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- PurposeThe purpose of this study is to examine how women entrepreneurs are building embeddedness into male-gendered fields and how they are creating embedding in such fields in practice.Design/methodology/approachThe qualitative methodology and three indicative case stories within gastronomic industry are illustrated and analysed.FindingsThe contribution of this study lies in the examination of the multifaceted embedding building process from dis-embedded, marginalised and suppressed position by women entrepreneurs. This was achieved with the help of building embedding through two strategies: sameness, that is, becoming one of the boys and then becoming a challenger, thereby enhancing their professional position.Research limitations/implicationsThe study is subject to limitations; a small sample is not suited for the generalizability of results. The most important implication of this study is the identification of the process of building embeddedness as the most critical resource for women’s entrepreneurship that should be supported by the scholarly and business community.Originality/valueThe theoretical framework developed for this study laid the foundation for developing literature on the embeddedness of women’s entrepreneurship and how the process of creating embedding becomes instrumental in business ownership.
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| 6. |
- Ahl, Helene, 1958-, et al.
(författare)
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Moving forward: Institutional perspectives on gender and entrepreneurship
- 2010
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Ingår i: International Journal of Gender and Entrepreneurship. - : Emerald. - 1756-6266 .- 1756-6274. ; 2:1, s. 5-9
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to propose a re‐directed and purposeful attention to the design of research on gender and entrepreneurship moving forward.Design/methodology/approach – The paper questions the value of more studies on the men v. women binary and encourages research on the institutions supporting the gendered construction.Findings – The paper suggests a re‐framing of gender (to include men, women, femininity, masculinity, etc.) both in topics investigated and in building the cadre of scholars engaged. It asks for discrimination of gender from biological sex in language use and believes that dialogue will be improved if the word “gender” is maintained as a socially constructed phenomenon directed at distinguishing the norms around “what women do” and “what men do”. Researchers, too, must necessarily confront personal pre‐existing ideas and language shaped by the norms and habits of one's upbringing and daily life in societies that are not acute observers of gender in action.Originality/value – The paper assesses trends in research on gender and entrepreneurship and recommends ideas regarding new directions to create better research and application in practice, teaching, and training.
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| 7. |
- Balkmar, Dag, 1974-, et al.
(författare)
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Masculinity in Scandinavian tech entrepreneurship : male technology entrepreneurs negotiating gender (in)equality
- 2024
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Ingår i: International Journal of Gender and Entrepreneurship. - Leeds : Emerald Group Publishing Limited. - 1756-6266 .- 1756-6274.
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Purpose: Both entrepreneurship and technology are significantly gendered, and when combined in technology entrepreneurship, they make up a fundamentally masculine field. This article investigates men tech entrepreneurs' negotiations of gender and gender (in)equality. The purpose is to gain knowledge on masculinity in tech entrepreneurship and to explore what role this might play in any change towards more gender-equal entrepreneurship.Design/methodology/approach: Semi-structured interviews were conducted with ten Swedish and Norwegian male tech entrepreneurs in tech incubators. The interviews dealt with gender (in)equality and masculinity in tech entrepreneurship. The data were coded in NVivo and inductively analysed using thematic analysis. We apply a social constructivist understanding of gender.Findings: We categorise the male entrepreneurs' views of gender equality along “privileged”, “paradoxical” and “potential” articulations of gender (in)equality. Building on these articulations, we discuss the potential entrepreneurial men and masculinities could have for changing gender inequality in the Scandinavian tech entrepreneurship context. The findings are applicable to several entrepreneurial contexts.Originality/value: The study contributes to further the theoretical understanding of tech entrepreneurship as a gendered phenomenon, its dynamics and its potential for change, particularly in promoting gender equality in tech entrepreneurship. Empirically, it investigates the perceptions about gender (in)equality and gender as negotiated concepts amongst male tech entrepreneurs.
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| 8. |
- Berggren, Caroline, 1960, et al.
(författare)
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Self-employment and field of education understood from current entrepreneurship research
- 2015
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Ingår i: International Journal of Gender and Entrepreneurship. - 1756-6266 .- 1756-6274. ; 7:3, s. 291-302
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to look at how results from a large-scale study can be understood in the context of contemporary gender and entrepreneurship research. Design/methodology/approach – Thisstudyisinspiredbyamixedmethodsmethodology.Togain a qualitative understanding of the general patterns in a large-scale study, research results in articles from the International Journal of Gender and Entrepreneurship (IJGE) were used. To make such a heterogeneousresearchfieldasappearsinIJGEcomparable,amodelwascreatedthathelpedustofocus our attention when reading the articles. The core of each article was identified. Findings – The categorisation of the articles in IJGE resulted in three perspectives: liberal, functional and structural. The liberal and functional perspectives improved our understanding only partially because these perspectives usually focused on a certain aspect in the society. The structural perspective more readily lent itself for interpretation of our large-scale results. Research limitations/implications – The dissonance between our perspective and the perspective of others has been a challenge; it has been a delicate task. Originality/value – This could be a way to improve communication of research not only within a perspective, but also between perspectives. It is important that scholarly journals provide the possibility to express different perspectives on, as in this example, gender and entrepreneurship. © Emerald Group Publishing Limited.
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| 9. |
- Billore, Soniya, 1972-
(författare)
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Female immigrant entrepreneurship : Exploring international entrepreneurship through the status of Indian women entrepreneurs in Japan
- 2011
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Ingår i: International Journal of Gender and Entrepreneurship. - : Emerald. - 1756-6266 .- 1756-6274. ; 3:1, s. 38-55
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- PurposeThe purpose of the paper is to explore how entrepreneurial opportunities are used by the rapidly increasing immigrant Indian female population in Japan. Given that a majority of Indian women are housewives and grew up in conservative family backgrounds, this analysis seeks to provide an insight into the situations that aided them and the challenges they faced in their entrepreneurial business ventures far from home.Design/methodology/approachThe paper takes the form of a case study analysis through a semi‐structured questionnaire designed on the concept of “Life cycle of minority owned businesses” to track enterprise activity from beginning to end.FindingsThe analyses show that although respondents began their stay in Japan as housewives, they shed their image with time, used their talents and diversified into a different role without sacrificing family duties, while also creating employment opportunities for both natives and immigrants. Major hindrances faced due to socio/cultural influences, lack of government initiatives and support facilities were identified.Research limitations/implicationsThe research analysis has been done on three case studies only as most available respondents were in the birth phase of their enterprises. More research is required on issues like capital availability, native employee and ethnic owner relationships, legal challenges and institutional support.Practical implicationsThe paper draws attention to problem areas where changes in governance structure and social acceptance can create a more viable environment for immigrant entrepreneurs in Japan.Originality/valueTo the best of the author's knowledge, this study is the first of its kind that explores and evaluates the status of Indian female immigrant entrepreneurs in Japan. As Indian immigrants in entrepreneurial activities in Japan are increasing every year, the paper can contribute in restructuring opportunity creation and facilitate maximum advantage.
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| 10. |
- Bjursell, Cecilia, et al.
(författare)
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Proactive and reactive plots : Narratives in entrepreneurial identity construction
- 2011
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Ingår i: International Journal of Gender and Entrepreneurship. - : Emerald Group Publishing Limited. - 1756-6266 .- 1756-6274. ; 3:3, s. 218-235
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to offer a new perspective on entrepreneurial identity as a narrative construction, emerging in stories about entering the family business.Design/methodology/approach – The qualitative methodological approach involves an interpretative analysis of transcribed interviews conducted in narrative style with 12 women from Swedish family businesses.Findings – By presenting entrepreneurial identity as a combination of two distinct narratives, the “passive” entrance into the family business is highlighted. The “Pippi Longstocking” narrative illustrates conscious choices, drive and motivation based on an entrepreneurial identification: the proactive plot. The “Alice in Wonderland” narrative on the other hand, illustrates women who happen to become entrepreneurs or business persons because the family business was there: the reactive plot. The contrasting and complementing narratives illustrate ambiguities in the identity process.Practical implications – The authors identified the following opportunities for women in family business: the family business can offer easy access to a career and on-the-job learning opportunities; education in other areas can be useful when learning how to manage and develop the family business; and the family business offers a generous arena for pursuing a career at different life stages. Implications for education as well as for policy makers are also presented.Originality/value – The narratives presented are given metaphorical names with the intention to evoke the reader's reflection and reasoning by analogy, which can lead to new insights. The use of metaphors illustrates multiple layers and ambiguities in identity construction. Metaphors can also create awareness of the researcher as a co-creator of knowledge.
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