| 1. |
- Basieva, Irina, et al.
(författare)
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Complementarity of Mental Observables
- 2014
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Ingår i: Topics in Cognitive Science. - : Cognitive Science Society, Inc.. - 1756-8757 .- 1756-8765. ; 6:1, s. 74-78
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The aim of this note is to complete the discussion on the possibility of creation of quantum-like (QL) representation for the question order effect which was presented by Wang and Busemeyer (2013). We analyze the role of a fundamental feature of mental operators (given, e.g., by questions), namely, their complementarity.
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| 2. |
- Dahlbäck, Nils, et al.
(författare)
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Reflections and Comments on Research on Memory and Conversation From an Ethnographic Perspective
- 2019
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Ingår i: Topics in Cognitive Science. - : WILEY. - 1756-8757 .- 1756-8765. ; 11:4, s. 817-820
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Reflecting on three papers included in this issue, we suggest that research on memory and conversation could benefit by making more use of analyzing real-life situations or close to real-life scenarios, full speech and body interactions, and the interaction with the physical environment. We also suggest that the process of remembering during conversation is investigated on a level of detail and sequence that allow for locating actual functions of different actions. Finally, we suggest that a life-span perspective on transactive memory systems must also model the development, maintenance, breakdown, and reestablishment of such systems.
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| 3. |
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| 4. |
- Granovskiy, Boris, et al.
(författare)
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Integration of Social Information by Human Groups
- 2015
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Ingår i: Topics in Cognitive Science. - : Wiley. - 1756-8757 .- 1756-8765. ; 7:3, s. 469-493
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We consider a situation in which individuals search for accurate decisions without direct feedback on their accuracy, but with information about the decisions made by peers in their group. The wisdom of crowds hypothesis states that the average judgment of many individuals can give a good estimate of, for example, the outcomes of sporting events and the answers to trivia questions. Two conditions for the application of wisdom of crowds are that estimates should be independent and unbiased. Here, we study how individuals integrate social information when answering trivia questions with answers that range between 0% and 100% (e.g., What percentage of Americans are left-handed?). We find that, consistent with the wisdom of crowds hypothesis, average performance improves with group size. However, individuals show a consistent bias to produce estimates that are insufficiently extreme. We find that social information provides significant, albeit small, improvement to group performance. Outliers with answers far from the correct answer move toward the position of the group mean. Given that these outliers also tend to be nearer to 50% than do the answers of other group members, this move creates group polarization away from 50%. By looking at individual performance over different questions we find that some people are more likely to be affected by social influence than others. There is also evidence that people differ in their competence in answering questions, but lack of competence is not significantly correlated with willingness to change guesses. We develop a mathematical model based on these results that postulates a cognitive process in which people first decide whether to take into account peer guesses, and if so, to move in the direction of these guesses. The size of the move is proportional to the distance between their own guess and the average guess of the group. This model closely approximates the distribution of guess movements and shows how outlying incorrect opinions can be systematically removed from a group resulting, in some situations, in improved group performance. However, improvement is only predicted for cases in which the initial guesses of individuals in the group are biased.
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| 5. |
- Nilsson, Mattias, et al.
(författare)
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Proportional Hazards Modeling of Saccadic Response Times During Reading
- 2013
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Ingår i: Topics in Cognitive Science. - : John Wiley & Sons. - 1756-8757 .- 1756-8765. ; 5:3, s. 541-563
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this article we use proportional hazards models to examine how low-level processes affect the probability of making a saccade over time, through the period of fixation, during reading. We apply the Cox proportional hazards model to investigate how launch distance (relative to word beginning), fixation location (relative to word center), and word frequency affect the hazard of a saccadic response. This model requires that covariates have a constant impact on the hazard over time, the assumption of proportional hazards. We show that this assumption is not supported. The impact of the covariates changes with the time passed since fixation onset. To account for the non-proportional hazards we fit step functions of time, resulting in a model with time-varying effects on the hazard. We evaluate the ability to predict the timing of saccades on held-out fixation data. The model with time-varying effects performs better in predicting the timing of saccades for fixations as short as 100 ms and as long as 500 ms, when compared both to a baseline model without covariates and a model which assumes constant covariate effects. This result suggests that the time-varying effects model better recovers the time course of low-level processes that influence the decision to move the eyes.
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| 6. |
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| 7. |
- Uddén, Julia, et al.
(författare)
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Hierarchical Structure in Sequence Processing : How to Measure It and Determine Its Neural Implementation
- 2020
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Ingår i: Topics in Cognitive Science. - : Wiley. - 1756-8757 .- 1756-8765. ; 12:3, s. 910-924
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In many domains of human cognition, hierarchically structured representations are thought to play a key role. In this paper, we start with some foundational definitions of key phenomena like “sequence” and “hierarchy," and then outline potential signatures of hierarchical structure that can be observed in behavioral and neuroimaging data. Appropriate behavioral methods include classic ones from psycholinguistics along with some from the more recent artificial grammar learning and sentence processing literature. We then turn to neuroimaging evidence for hierarchical structure with a focus on the functional MRI literature. We conclude that, although a broad consensus exists about a role for a neural circuit incorporating the inferior frontal gyrus, the superior temporal sulcus, and the arcuate fasciculus, considerable uncertainty remains about the precise computational function(s) of this circuitry. An explicit theoretical framework, combined with an empirical approach focusing on distinguishing between plausible alternative hypotheses, will be necessary for further progress.
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| 8. |
- Burenhult, Niclas
(författare)
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Sustainability and semantic diversity : A view from the Malayan rainforest
- 2023
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Ingår i: Topics in Cognitive Science. - 1756-8765. ; 15:3, s. 546-559
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Sustainable development goals assume that basic notions such as health, life and water can be universally and easily expressed and understood across diverse communities and stakeholders. Yet there is growing evidence pointing to considerable semantic diversity in how humans represent the world in language. In this paper I discuss such semantic diversity in the context of key notions of sustainability. Focusing on an environmental term of broad relevance to sustainability goals, forest, I explore how this notion compares with assumed equivalent notions in a non-Western lesser-known speech community. Specifically, I analyze representations of treed environments in the language of the Jahai, a forager community inhabiting the rainforests of the Malay Peninsula. The results show that an understanding of local indigenous systems of representation can be crucial to the communication and implementation of sustainability goals.
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| 9. |
- Healey, P. G. T., et al.
(författare)
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Running Repairs: Coordinating Meaning in Dialogue
- 2018
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Ingår i: Topics in Cognitive Science. - : Wiley. - 1756-8757. ; 10:2, s. 367-388
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- People give feedback in conversation: both positive signals of understanding, such as nods, and negative signals of misunderstanding, such as frowns. How do signals of understanding and misunderstanding affect the coordination of language use in conversation? Using a chat tool and a maze-based reference task, we test two experimental manipulations that selectively interfere with feedback in live conversation: (a) Attenuation that replaces positive signals of understanding such as right or okay with weaker, more provisional signals such as errr or umm and (2) Amplification that replaces relatively specific signals of misunderstanding from clarification requests such as on the left? with generic signals of trouble such as huh? or eh?. The results show that Amplification promotes rapid convergence on more systematic, abstract ways of describing maze locations while Attenuation has no significant effect. We interpret this as evidence that running repairsthe processes of dealing with misunderstandings on the flyare key drivers of semantic coordination in dialogue. This suggests a new direction for experimental work on conversation and a productive way to connect the empirical accounts of Conversation Analysis with the representational and processing concerns of Formal Semantics and Psycholinguistics. Healey etal. use experiments with chat dialogues to test the hypothesis that language co-ordination is driven by running repairs'. They replace signals of understanding such as okay with weaker, spoof' signals like ummm, and replace specific requests for clarification like on the left? with signals that suggest a higher degree of misunderstanding like what?. The latter manipulation causes participants to switch rapidly to more abstract forms of referring expression.
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| 10. |
- Larsson, Staffan, 1969
(författare)
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Grounding as a Side-Effect of Grounding
- 2018
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Ingår i: Topics in Cognitive Science. - : Wiley. - 1756-8757. ; 10:2, s. 389-408
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In relation to semantics, grounding has (at least) two relevant meanings. Symbol grounding is the process of connecting symbols (e.g., words) to perception and the world. Communicative grounding is the process of interactively adding to common ground in dialog. Strategies for grounding in human communication include, crucially, strategies for resolving troubles caused by various kinds of miscommunication. As it happens, these two processes of grounding are closely related. As a side-effect of grounding an utterance, dialog participants (DPs) may adjust the meanings they assign to linguistic expressions, in a process of semantic coordination. Meanings of at least some expressions (e.g., concrete nouns) include perceptual aspects which enable DPs to classify entities as falling under the expression or not based on their perception of those entities. We show how perceptual grounding of symbols can be achieved in a process of interactively adding to common ground. This requires that perceptual aspects of meaning can be updated as a result of participating in linguistic interaction, thereby enabling fine-grained semantic coordination of perceptually grounded linguistic meanings. A formal semantics for low-level perceptual aspects of meaning is presented, tying these together with the logical-inferential aspects of meaning traditionally studied in formal semantics. The key idea is to model perceptual meanings as classifiers of perceptual input. This requires a framework where intensions are (a) represented independently of extensions, and (b) structured objects which can be modified as a result of learning. We use Type Theory with Records (TTR), a formal semantics framework which starts from the idea that information and meaning are founded on our ability to perceive and classify the world, that is, to perceive objects and situations as being of types. As an example of our approach, we show how a simple classifier of spatial information based on the Perceptron can be cast in TTR. Larsson tackles a fundamental problem in formal semantics: modeling how people update their interpretation of words when they encounter trouble in using them in communication. Taking the example of concrete nouns he explores how changes in the low-level perceptual classifications or symbol grounding' of a noun can be triggered by the logical-inferential semantics of the communicative grounding' involved in using that noun in conversation.
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