| 1. |
- Andersson, Tommy D., 1947, et al.
(författare)
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Event portfolios: asset value, risk and returns
- 2017
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Ingår i: International Journal of Event and Festival Management. - 1758-2954 .- 1758-2962. ; 8:3, s. 226-243
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Purpose – The research question addressed is whether an event portfolio analysis rooted in financial portfolio theory can yield meaningful insights to complement two approaches to event portfolios. The first approach is extrinsic and rooted in economic impact analysis where events need to demonstrate a financial return on investment. In the second approach events are valued ally, with every event having inherent value and the entire portfolio being valued for its synergistic effects and contribution to social and cultural goals. The paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach – Data from visitors to four events in the Sunshine Coast region of Australia are analyzed to illustrate key points, including the notion of “efficient frontier.” Findings – Conceptual development includes an examination of extrinsic and intrinsic perspectives on portfolios, ways to define and measure value, returns, risk, and portfolio management strategies. In the conclusions a number of research questions are raised, and it is argued that the two approaches to value event portfolios can be combined. Research limitations/implications – Only four events were studied, in one Australian local authority. The sample of residents who responded to a questionnaire was biased in terms of age, education and gender. Social implications – Authorities funding events and developing event portfolios for multiple reasons can benefit from more rigorous analysis of the value created. Originality/value – This analysis and conceptual development advances the discourse on portfolio theory applied to event management and event tourism.
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| 2. |
- Andersson, Tommy D., 1947, et al.
(författare)
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Factors explaining the use-value of sport event experiences
- 2014
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Ingår i: International Journal of Event and Festival Management. - 1758-2954 .- 1758-2962. ; 5:3
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to propose and test a model explaining the value of event experiences. Design/methodology/approach – Three versions of the explanatory model are tested by regression analysis of data from a survey of 650 visitors to a sports event. Findings – The three model versions are significant and explain the value of event experiences with satisfactory R2 values (0.29, 0.46 and 0.68) using the concepts “Extent of visit”, “Experience intensity” and “Expenditure”. The measures of event experiences (Use-Value, Direct Use-Value as well as Indirect Use-Value) meet requirements for reliability and validity. Originality/value – The paper reveals that explanatory models are basic but novel in a sports event context and provide a basis for further research. Furthermore, the definition of Indirect Use-Value has been clarified and adapted for higher relevance to destination managers focusing on event tourism.
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| 3. |
- Andersson, Tommy D., 1947, et al.
(författare)
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When a music festival goes veggie: Communication and environmental impacts of an innovative food strategy
- 2013
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Ingår i: International Journal of Event and Festival Management. - 1758-2954 .- 1758-2962. ; 4:3, s. 224-235
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Purpose - The aim of the study is first to describe and discuss an innovative strategy, pursued by a music festival, to reduce the environmental impact by allowing only vegetarian food in the festival area. A second aim is to discuss the effects of the vegetarian strategy for the festival in terms of branding and communication impacts. A third aim is to assess the effect on the ecological footprint of the festival from the vegetarian food strategy. Design/methodology/approach - Festival visitors’ food consumption was surveyed in 2010 (719 responses) and again in 2012 when only vegetarian food was served on festival premises (663 responses). The EPA Event Calculator, developed in Australia, was used to calculate the ecological footprint of the festival. The implementation and the impacts were studied from the festival organisers’ perspective through two (one hour long) interviews with one of the festival managers. Findings - For the festival brand, the vegetarian strategy proved to be extremely successful in terms of media attention and an enhanced "green" image of the festival. An analysis of the environmental impact of the vegetarian strategy indicates a remarkable drop of 40% in the size of the ecological footprint. Practical implications - Based on the results of this study, a vegetarian strategy can be recommended as an innovation for festivals that have core values and a brand image grounded both in sustainability and the reduction of environmental impacts and that are truly concerned about the environment. Originality/value - Festival Footprint Analysis
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| 4. |
- Björner, Emma, et al.
(författare)
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Strategic creation of experiences at Shanghai World Expo : a practice of communification
- 2012
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Ingår i: International Journal of Event and Festival Management. - : Emerald. - 1758-2954 .- 1758-2962. ; 3:1, s. 30-45
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to contribute to our understanding of the underlying rationale for why companies participate in mega-events in general, and in mega-events in emerging economies – such as the 2010 Shanghai Expo – in particular. Of particular interest are the ways that companies use an event to advance their own purposes, and how experiences are created that use aspects of an event setting such as Expo 2010.Design/methodology/approach: The study is based on a participatory, ethnographic and longitudinal field study focusing on the VIP section of the Swedish Pavilion at the Shanghai World Expo, using additional data from other national pavilions and respondents with insight into Expo 2010 and its organization.Findings: The study indicates that even though companies operationally used the World Expo and the VIP section in many different ways, an underlying element appears to be to use the event for the “practice of communification”.Practical implications: The study provides practitioners with a conceptual framework and tools to manage the co-creation process of experiences at events. This is done by supplying an empirical example from World Expo 2010 and the VIP area of the Swedish pavilion. This is a needed addition to the current knowledge on how customers engage in co-creation of experiences and how companies manage the co-creation process.Originality/value: The “communification” concept is used to denote the simultaneous building of community while communicating business-related issues to strengthen and build relationships with customers over time, with exclusivity and co-creation of experiences as important components.
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| 5. |
- Brown, S., et al.
(författare)
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Event evaluation : Definitions, concepts and a state of the art review
- 2015
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Ingår i: International Journal of Event and Festival Management. - 1758-2954 .- 1758-2962. ; 6:2, s. 135-157
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to define event evaluation, develop a conceptual model of its process and elements, review pertinent literature, and draw conclusions pertaining both to the discourse on evaluation and its praxis. Design/methodology/approach – General review of literature and development of a conceptual model of the evaluation process. Findings – The review suggests that impact assessments have dominated, but are only one type of evaluation; research and papers on evaluating the worth of events has been minimal, while those on the evaluation of various management and marketing functions is fragmented. Research limitations/implications – It is concluded that little has been written about evaluation paradigms and systems, although the discourse on sustainability and triple bottom line accountability has led to a greater emphasis on non-economic considerations. Originality/value – The conceptual model of the evaluation process and its components offers a systematic approach to shaping evaluation discourse and methods. Conclusions are drawn on how to advance evaluation research and methods applied to events. © Emerald Group Publishing Limited.
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| 6. |
- Dragin-Jensen, Christian, et al.
(författare)
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Event innovation in times of uncertainty
- 2022
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Ingår i: International Journal of Event and Festival Management. - : Emerald Group Publishing Limited. - 1758-2954 .- 1758-2962. ; 13:4, s. 387-405
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Purpose This study highlights areas of key importance for building event resilience and provides best-practice industry examples that foster innovative, adaptable and transformative event environments, which are areas of high academic and managerial relevance in times of uncertainty. Design/methodology/approach The study employs a multicase study research design that draws on interviews with the leaders of four event organizations in Denmark and Norway: (1) the Steinkjer Festival, (2) Run Alone Denmark, (3) FC Midtjylland and (4) the Bergen International Festival. Findings The events demonstrated the critical necessity of understanding innovation and its contribution to resilience in the event sector, particularly in times of uncertainty, such as the COVID-19 pandemic. These organizations achieved success by continuously fostering innovative environments before COVID-19 by being value-driven and customer-centric organizations. Digital technologies were not used as makeshift solutions but rather to enhance event attendees' experiential platforms and expand each event's business potential. Practical implications The paper answers the call for event and festival research during the COVID-19 pandemic to explore the importance of understanding failure, crisis, innovation and recovery. Originality/value The paper's contributions to event management research are (1) adding to the ongoing discussion about building a resilient event sector in times of uncertainty, (2) screening how event organizers achieve innovation in their organizations and (3) providing insights on future requirements for events in a post-COVID world.
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| 7. |
- Luna-Cortés, Gonzalo
(författare)
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The use of virtual social networks during the anticipatory phase to reduce perceived crime risk and increase trust in organizers
- 2023
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Ingår i: International Journal of Event and Festival Management. - : Emerald Group Publishing Limited. - 1758-2954 .- 1758-2962.
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- PurposeAcademics recently identified a lack of research regarding who should guide interactions in virtual social networks when risks appear. Data shows that organizers are usually less active than other users in this context, which can lead to negative reactions among attendees. This research examines if and how virtual social network communication guided by an official source (vs a nonofficial source vs control group) reduces perceived crime risks and trust before the event, leading to lower ambivalence and higher intention to attend. The study was conducted in Colombia, a country where many individuals face this type of risk.Design/methodology/approachFirst-year university students (N = 210) from Colombia were invited to a “Welcome Cocktail”. Two weeks before the cocktail, they were divided into three groups (70 per condition) to receive information. In Group 1, participants were invited to be part of a WhatsApp group administered by one of the organizers. In Group 2, they participated in a WhatsApp group administered by a student. Group 3 was the control (i.e. no virtual communication established before the event). One week after the meeting, they were gathered again and answered a questionnaire, which measured perceived crime risk, trust, ambivalence and intention to attend.FindingsParticipants in the WhatsApp group administered by an official source perceived lower risk and higher trust in the organizers, which led to lower ambivalence towards the event and higher intention to attend it. The relationship between ambivalence and intention to attend is moderated by the nationality of the participants (locals vs foreigners), such as, at equal levels of ambivalence, foreigners show lower intention to attend the event.Originality/valueThis is the first study that compares different approaches on a virtual social network to reduce perceived crime risk in event management. The results present new findings on how the presence of an official source can mitigate this risk, and which potential attendees (i.e. locals vs foreigners) are especially benefited from it. The findings are particularly useful for managers in regions where attendees face crime risks every day, and might feel low trust towards public and private institutions, such as in Colombia.
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| 8. |
- Nordvall, Anders, et al.
(författare)
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Understanding hallmark event failure : A case study of a Swedish music festival
- 2017
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Ingår i: International Journal of Event and Festival Management. - 1758-2954 .- 1758-2962. ; 8:2, s. 172-185
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- PurposeHallmark events can be very beneficial for host communities, not least due to their potential in attracting tourists. The Peace & Love music festival was the hallmark event of the Swedish city Borlänge. In 2013, the event organization declared bankruptcy and canceled the forthcoming festival. The purpose of this paper is to identify and discuss the factors that caused the failure of the 2013 Peace & Love festival.Design/methodology/approachThe case of the Peace & Love festival is analyzed using three data sources: interviews with the former members of the event organization; secondary data describing the Swedish festival industry; and festival visitors’ perspectives represented by comments on social media. An organizational ecology perspective frames the analysis.FindingsThe results of the study reveal that the failure of the event can be understood by a combination of three components: an organization in a vulnerable position, a strong new competitor entering the Swedish festival market, and uncertain visitors searching for the new place to be.Originality/valueVery few studies have researched event failure, although the subject is a recommended priority within the field of festival studies. This study presents a thorough examination of a hallmark event failure, which contributes to this area of knowledge and provides relevant information for organizations and host cities.
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| 9. |
- Smith, Andrew, et al.
(författare)
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Staging city events in public spaces: an urban design perspective
- 2021
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Ingår i: International Journal of Event and Festival Management. - 1758-2954 .- 1758-2962. ; 12:2, s. 224-239
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Purpose: There are two main aims of this conceptual paper. The first is to explore the issues associated with staging events in public spaces, and to produce a typology of different event spaces. The second is to explore if and how events should be designed into parks, streets and squares and whether this might reduce some of the negative impacts and associated user conflicts. Design/methodology/approach: The paper analyses the history, drivers and effects of using public spaces as venues and examines the reciprocal relationships between events and the spaces that host them. To explain the range and dynamics of contemporary events, a typology of event spaces is developed. This typology highlights nine different types of event spaces which are differentiated by the level of public accessibility (free entry, sometimes free, paid entry), and the mobility of event audiences (static, limited mobility, mobile). Using this typology, the paper discusses ways that public spaces might be adapted to make them better suited to staging events. This discussion is illustrated by a range of examples. Findings: The paper finds that it makes practical sense to adapt some urban public spaces to make them better equipped as venues, but designing in events presents new issues and does not necessarily resolve many of the problems associated with staging events. Disputes over events are inevitable and constituent features of public spaces. Originality/value: This paper makes an original contribution by developing a new classification of event spaces and by synthesising ideas from urban design with ideas from the events literature.
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| 10. |
- Wallstam, Martin, 1986-
(författare)
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Maintaining the status quo : the nature and role of policy stakeholders' perceptions of event value
- 2022
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Ingår i: International Journal of Event and Festival Management. - 1758-2954 .- 1758-2962. ; 13:2, s. 219-234
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Purpose: This paper explores event value from the perspective of policy stakeholders and discusses potential implications of this stakeholder group's perceptions of value on event policy, event evaluation and the public discourse on the value of events. Design/methodology/approach: A thematic analysis is employed to analyze nine interviews from respondents who were deemed to fit the study criteria in the case of Östersund, Sweden. Findings: Findings indicate that value is portrayed in largely economic terms or in proxy-economic terms even though the respondents expressed awareness and concern for social aspects of value. Moreover, the article highlights the glaring omission of the relationship between policy stakeholders and the nature of evaluation efforts in the industry and academia. Originality/value: The article addresses a still somewhat unexplored dynamics between influential policy stakeholders and how events are regarded in terms of their potential contribution to community development. To what degree does the way the events sector and the general public value events emanate from the way events have been instrumentalized in policy throughout history?
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