| 1. |
- Abed Hussain, Tariq, et al.
(författare)
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Simulation of the ground water flow in Karbala Governorate, Iraq
- 2021
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Ingår i: Environmental Earth Sciences. - USA : Springer Nature. - 1866-6280 .- 1866-6299. ; 80, s. 1-6
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The investigation region is found in the central part of Iraq within the of Karbala Governorate, where it is located in thewestern part of the Governorate and Lake Razaza in the north of the region, while in the western and southern part of theregion is Anbar Governorate and geographically (43° 10′ 25.7″, 43° 39″ 0.3″) longitude and (32° 10′ 25.7″, 32° 36′ 25.7″)latitude. The area of study is about 2400 Km2.The groundwater modeling system (GMS) v10.3 program was used for themodeling of ground water in the area containing about 22 wells distributed throughout the study area and the discharge ofthese wells ranges from 7 to 100 l/s and the rate of discharge of these wells up to 36 l/s. The model was initially operatedwithin a steady state and after obtaining a match between the models results with the initial values of groundwater levels,the results of this case were adopted as inputs to run the model within the unsteady state. The model was worked within thesight of the above wells for 3 years and the results of the operation indicate a decrease in groundwater levels ranging from2 to 21 m distributed uniformly throughout the study area.
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| 2. |
- Ahlmér, Anna Klara, et al.
(författare)
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Soil moisture remote-sensing applications for identification of flood-prone areas along transport infrastructure
- 2018
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Ingår i: Environmental Earth Sciences. - : Springer. - 1866-6280 .- 1866-6299. ; 77:14
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The expected increase in precipitation and temperature in Scandinavia, and especially short-time heavy precipitation, will increase the frequency of flooding. Urban areas are the most vulnerable, and specifically, the road infrastructure. The accumulation of large volumes of water and sediments on road-stream intersections gets severe consequences for the road drainage structures. This study integrates the spatial and temporal soil moisture properties into the research about flood prediction methods by a case study of two areas in Sweden, Vastra Gotaland and Varmland, which was affected by severe flooding in August 2014. Soil moisture data are derived from remote-sensing techniques, with a focus on the soil moisture-specific satellites ASCAT and SMOS. Furthermore, several physical catchments descriptors (PCDs) are analyzed and the result shows that larger slopes and drainage density, in general, mean a higher risk of flooding. The precipitation is the same; however, it can be concluded that more precipitation in most cases gives higher soil moisture values. The lack, or the dimensioning, of road drainage structures seems to have a large impact on the flood risk as more sediment and water can be accumulated at the road-stream intersection. The results show that the method implementing soil moisture satellite data is promising for improving the reliability of flooding.
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| 3. |
- Al Maliki, Ali A., et al.
(författare)
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Assessment of the groundwater suitability for irrigation near Al Kufa City and preparing the final water quality maps using spatial distribution tools
- 2020
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Ingår i: Environmental Earth Sciences. - Germany : Springer. - 1866-6280 .- 1866-6299. ; 79:13, s. 1-12
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In many parts of the world, groundwater quality is decreasing due to urbanization industrialization and use of agricultures in rural areas. This subject has formed an urgent need to determine the suitability of groundwater for various purposes. The aim of this study is to determine a groundwater index for groundwater use for irrigation in agriculture. The study is carried out in an agricultural area; near Al Kufa city, North of Al Najaf province, Iraq. Many chemical variables are used in this model, including (total dissolved solids TDS, electrical conductivity EC, sodium Na, potassium K and iron Fe), in addition to some of the heavy metals (cadmium Cd, lead Pb, chromium Cr, and nickel Ni), that also added to the index. The weight’s parameters are determined using analytical hierarchy process (AHP) and classified into five groups based on the human health significance of these parameters and negative effect on agriculture. The result of this study indicates that the water quality index (WQI) records values between (0 and 4.33), and in which the value of (2.16) represents the limit between unpolluted and polluted groundwater. This study confirms that all groundwater samples over the study area are suitable for agriculture. The final WQI values are exported to ArcMap environment to prepare the final WQI maps of study area.
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| 4. |
- Al Maliki, Ali, et al.
(författare)
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Comparison between inductively coupled plasma and X-ray fluorescence performance for Pb analysis in environmental soil samples
- 2017
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Ingår i: Environmental Earth Sciences. - : Springer. - 1866-6280 .- 1866-6299. ; 76:12
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Comparison of two conventional analytical techniques such as X-ray fluorescence (XRF) and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) for measuring Pb concentrations in soil samples was achieved using field and laboratory work. Seventy-three samples were collected from urban areas surrounding the large lead smelter at South Australia, as an indicator of the environment impact of smelter activity. Soil Pb concentrations were determined using hand-held XRF analyser under laboratory conditions. ICP-MS analysis on digested soils (using a microwave-assisted nitric acid digestion-extraction) was applied to validate p-XRF data. The analysis showed that Pb concentrations determined by XRF correlated with high linearity with Pb concentrations determined by ICP-MS measurements (R2 = 0.89). Statistical test (t test) was applied to the data of both methods applied without any significant difference between the two techniques. These results indicated that ICP-MS corroborated XRF for Pb soil measurements and suggests that XRF was a reliable and quick alternative to traditional analytical methods in studies of environmental health risk assessment, allowing for much larger sampling regimes in relatively shorter times and could be applied in the field.
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| 5. |
- Al‑Mamoori, Sohaib Kareem, et al.
(författare)
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Statistical analysis of the best GIS interpolation method for bearing capacity estimation in An-Najaf City, Iraq
- 2021
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Ingår i: Environmental Earth Sciences. - : Springer. - 1866-6280 .- 1866-6299. ; 80:20
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The presence of an economical solution to predict soil behaviour is essential for new construction areas. This paper aims to investigate the ultimate interpolation method for predicting the soil bearing capacity of An-Najaf city-Iraq based on field investigation information. Firstly, the engineering bearing capacity was calculated based on the in-site N-SPT values using dynamic loading for 464 boreholes with depths of 0–2 m, using the Meyerhof formula. The data then were classified and imported to the GIS program to apply the interpolation methods. Four deterministic and two geostatistical interpolation methods were applied to produce six bearing capacity maps. The statistical analyses were performed using two methods: the common cross-validation method by the coefficient of determination (R2) and root mean square error (RMSE), where the results showed that ordinary kriging (OK) is the ultimate method with the least RMSE and highest R2. These results were confusing so, the backward elimination regression (BER) procedure was applied to gain the definite result. The results of BER show that among all the deterministic methods, the IDW is the optimal and most significant interpolation method. The result of geostatistical methods shows that EBK is the best method in our case than the OK method. BER also applied to all six methods and shows that IDW is the ultimate significant method. The results indicate no general ultimate interpolation method for all cases and datasets type; therefore, the statistical analyses must be performed for each case and dataset.
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| 6. |
- Amano, Hiroki, et al.
(författare)
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Groundwater geochemistry of a nitrate-contaminated agricultural site
- 2016
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Ingår i: Environmental Earth Sciences. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1866-6280 .- 1866-6299. ; 75:15
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Groundwater samples were collected from several soil depths down to 50 m below soil surface to investigate vertical profiles of NO3 − and hydrogeochemical characteristics of the experimental site. The experimental site is located in the Shimabara City, Nagasaki, Japan, where nitrate contamination in groundwater is severe due to intensive agricultural production. A transition zone regarding dissolved ions was found between specific depths caused by differences in the permeability of soil layers. Though NO3 − concentration decreased significantly in the transition zone, the entire soil depth exceeded permissible levels (50 mg L−1) for drinking purposes. Comparing the temporal NO3 − fluctuation above the transition zone with that of the below, distinct fluctuations were observed depending on sampling campaign. High rainfall amounts typically lead to initial decrease in NO3 − concentration for the shallow groundwater. After some time, however, increase in NO3 − concentration occurred due to leaching of accumulated NO3 − in the soil matrix. This indicated that temporal NO3 − fluctuation is mainly controlled by natural impact and occurring crop system. Results of principal component analysis suggested that application of chemical fertilizers [(NH4)2SO4, NH4NO3, and KCl], dissolution of minerals (feldspar, calcite, and dolomite), and ion exchange are the predominant factors resulting in the observed vertical groundwater chemistry. The relative magnitude of these three principal component scores changed across the transition zone. Below the transition zone, groundwater geochemistry reflected application of NH4NO3 and KCl fertilizer and dissolution of albite and orthoclase.
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| 7. |
- Amano, Hiroki, et al.
(författare)
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Surface water chemistry and nitrate pollution in Shimabara, Nagasaki, Japan
- 2018
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Ingår i: Environmental Earth Sciences. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1866-6280 .- 1866-6299. ; 77:9
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Groundwater is a finite resource that is threatened by pollution all over the world. Shimabara City, Nagasaki, Japan, uses groundwater for its main water supply. During recent years, the city has experienced severe nitrate pollution in its groundwater. For better understanding of origin and impact of the pollution, chemical effects and surface–groundwater interactions need to be examined. For this purpose, we developed a methodology that builds on joint geochemical analyses and advanced statistical treatment. Water samples were collected at 42 sampling points in Shimabara including a part of Unzen City. Spatial distribution of water chemistry constituents was assessed by describing Stiff and Piper diagrams using major ions concentrations. The nitrate (NO3 + NO2–N) concentration in 45% of water samples exceeded permissible Japanese drinking level of 10 mg L− 1. Most of the samples showed Ca–HCO3 or Ca–(NO3 + SO4) water types. Some samples were classified into characteristic water types such as Na–Cl, (Na + K)–HCO3, (Na + K)–(SO4 + NO3), and Ca–Cl. Thus, results indicated salt water intrusion from the sea and anthropogenic pollution. At the upstream of Nishi River, although water chemistry was characterized as Ca–HCO3, ion concentrations were higher than those of other rivers. This is probably an effect of disinfection in livestock farming using slaked lime. Positive correlation between NO3 − and SO4 2−, Mg2+, Ca2+, Na+, K+, and Cl− (r = 0.32–0.64) is evidence that nitrate pollution sources are chemical fertilizers and livestock waste. Principal component analysis showed that chemistry of water samples can be explained by three main components (PCs). PC1 depicts general ion concentration. PC2 and PC3 share influence from chemical fertilizer and livestock waste. Cluster analyses grouped water samples into four main clusters. One of these is the general river chemistry mainly affected by PC1. The others reflect anthropogenic activities and are identified by the combination of the three PCs.
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| 8. |
- Ardakani, Amir Hossien Hatefi, et al.
(författare)
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Selecting potential locations for groundwater recharge by means of remote sensing and GIS and weighting based on Boolean logic and analytic hierarchy process
- 2022
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Ingår i: Environmental Earth Sciences. - : Springer Nature. - 1866-6280 .- 1866-6299. ; 81:1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Growing demand for water, as a consequence of population growth, farmland irrigation, and industrial expansion, results in groundwater resources exploitation. This, in combination with droughts induced by climate change, has caused a sharp drop in groundwater levels throughout arid and semiarid countries. In Iran, all these factors are resulting in alarming water scarcity. Appropriate management and control of existing water resources can overcome water shortages, with healthy and sustainable management of groundwater as one of the most efficient tools. Artificial recharge of aquifers can be used to replenish water supplies and restore the water resources in Iran and other semiarid and arid countries, but selection of the right location for runoff collection is essential to achieve success. Precipitation, slope, geology, lineament density, drainage density, aquifer water quality, groundwater level, vegetation, and land use were selected in this study as key factors in locating suitable sites for artificial recharge. The weight of each, in terms of importance and impact on aquifer recharge, was determined using remote sensing techniques to prepare layers and analytic hierarchy process (AHP) and Boolean logic to identify the optimal weight for each factor. Geographic information system (GIS) was used for modeling, applying the weight of each criterion, and producing a final map. The results showed better performance of AHP than Boolean logic. For artificial recharge, 9.9% of the total study area (Mahdishahr in northern Iran) was found to be in a very good position and 22.6% in a good position. On filtering the privacy layer of fountains and aqueducts, the very good and good area declined to 8.4% and 14.7% of the total area, respectively, and mainly comprised alluvial valleys and coarse alluvial sediments with low slope and drainage density.
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| 9. |
- Battaleb-Looie, S., et al.
(författare)
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Hydrogeochemical evolution of groundwaters with excess fluoride concentrations from Dashtestan, South of Iran
- 2012
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Ingår i: Environmental Earth Sciences. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1866-6280 .- 1866-6299. ; 67:4, s. 1173-1182
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Hydrogeochemical investigations were carried out in the Dashtestan, the eastern part of Borazjan, with a focus on fluoride content. The study area is underlain by a complex geology that is dominated by three lithological units, namely marl, alluvial sediments, and carbonate rocks. To assess the major geochemical factors controlling the fluoride enrichment in water, 37 groundwater and 12 surface water samples were collected from the three lithological units. Fluoride concentrations ranged up to 3 mg/L, and average concentrations varied from 1.12 (in carbonate aquifers) to 1.73 (in alluvial aquifers) to 1.82 mg/L (in marl aquifers). To study the influence of rocks and soils on groundwater quality, an additional 41 soil and rock samples were also taken and analyzed for fluoride. The order of average fluoride content in both rocks and soils is: marl > alluvial sediments > limestone, which confirms that marl is a likely source of fluoride.
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| 10. |
- Bellopede, Rossana, et al.
(författare)
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Assessment of the European Standard for the determination of resistance of marble to thermal and moisture cycles : recommendations for improvements
- 2016
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Ingår i: Environmental Earth Sciences. - : Springer Berlin/Heidelberg. - 1866-6280 .- 1866-6299. ; 75:11
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The bowing phenomenon is so relevant that two projects, EU funded, from 1999 studied it and a European Standard to assess the resistance to thermal and moisture cycles (influencing bowing) has been recently adopted. In particular, according EN 16306: 2013, measurements of bowing and flexural strength should be performed before and at the end of the ageing cycles. Additional non-destructive tests are recommended, but are not compulsory for the standard. Moreover, Annex A of EN 16306 contains guidance on the limit values for the selection of marble types suitable for outdoor uses, especially façade applications. Eleven varieties of marble have been tested by means of this laboratory ageing test. Non-destructive tests such as the measurements of ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV), adjacent grains analysis, open porosity, and water absorption have been executed together with the conventional flexural strength test. The results obtained from image analysis on thin sections indicate that the AGA index may not always be correlated with the other tests: amount of bowing, loss of flexural strength, or loss of UPV. Some consideration of the decrease in mechanical resistance and the bowing in relation to the variety of marble tested and the limit values indicated in Annex A of EN 16306 can be noted. It is known that bowing and rapid strength loss occur in some varieties of marble when used as exterior cladding and other exterior applications. Additional conclusions have been drawn: bowing and flexural strength correlate well and can be used to assess the suitability of the marble to be employed in outdoors.
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